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neuroanatomy > section 2, part 2 internal anatomy > Flashcards

section 2, part 2 internal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

list 3 things that can cause the BBB to break down

A
  1. brain tumors
  2. bacterial invasion
  3. ischemia (most common cause)
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2
Q

explain what the pathology of a stroke stems from

A

from loss of tissue oxygenation but also from introduction of toxins to the brain and from ion fluxes (because the BBB has been broken down)

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3
Q

in ischemia, why is there swelling in the brain?

A

because ischemia directly damages Na+ and K+ pumps, so there is ionic influx–> cells fill with water–> brain swelling

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4
Q

how does CSF decrease the weight of the brain on the skull

A

by giving the brain buoyancy

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5
Q

what is the total volume of CSF?

A

140 mL

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6
Q

what is the average rate of CSF formation /day

A

500 ml/day

entire volume of CSF is turned over 3-4 times/day

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7
Q

CSF is primarly secreted by___?

A

the choroid plexus

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8
Q

what type of epithelium surrounds the choroid plexus?

A

cuboidal or columnar epithelium

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9
Q

CSF is in equilibrium with what?

A

the brain extracellular fluid

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10
Q

compared to the blood plasma, is CSF more or less acidic?

A

more acidic

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11
Q

what color should the CSF be?

A

clear with no RBCs and few or no WBCs

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12
Q

where is the choroid plexus found?

A
  • floor of the inferior horn
  • body of the lateral ventricle
  • roof of 3rd ventricle
  • inferior part of the roof of the 4th ventricle
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13
Q

where is the CSF made (which ventricle)?

A

in the lateral ventricle and roof of 3rd ventricle

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14
Q

how does most CSF exit the 4th ventricle?

A

through 3 foramina:
foramen of magendie (middle)
foramina of luschka (1 on either side of magendie)

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15
Q

where are the arachnoid villi located?

A

in the walls of the dural sinuses. this is where the majority of the CSF is absorbed into the venous system

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16
Q

what could cause an obstructing or non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

a tumor that blocks the flow of CSF

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17
Q

which place is most common for a CSF blockage?

A

wherever the ventricular system narrows

intraventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct or at the outlet of 4th ventricle

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18
Q

what causes communicating hydrocephalus?

A

when the arachnoid villi are disease and absorption fails

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19
Q

where can increased intracranial pressure be seen?

A

when inspecting the fundus of the eye with an ophthalmoscope
the retinal vessels of optic nerve are engorged and optic nerve is dilated
(papilledema)

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20
Q

what are some additional symptoms of increased intracranial pressure?

A 
headache 
N/V
cognitive impairment
decreased level of consciousness
impair vision and 6th nerve palsies
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21
Q

if increased intracranial pressure causes the frontal lobe function to be impaired, what is common symptom?

A

characteristic unsteady gait where the feet barely leave the floor (magnetic gait) as well as incontinence

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22
Q

above what level of WBC in the CSF is concerning for a pathology?

A

about 4/mm^3 (can increase 1000x in acute bacterial meningitis)

23
Q

in patients with MS what is characteristic of the CSF composition?

A

the gamma globulin content of the CSF is disproportionately increased to more than 13% of the total protein

24
Q

if there is RBCs in the CSF, what does this indicate?

A

hemorrhagic stroke

25
Q

what 3 fibers can the deep white matter in the cerebrum be classified into?

A
  1. association fibers
  2. commissural fibers
  3. projection fibers
26
Q

what is the role of the association fibers?

A

connect different areas of cortex in same hemisphere

27
Q

what is the role of the commissural fibers?

A

connect homologous areas of cortex of 2 hemispheres

28
Q

what is the role of the projection fibers?

A

connect areas of cortex to lower areas of neuraxis

29
Q

what are the 4 long association fiber tracts?

A
  1. superior longitudinal fasciculus (aka arcuate fasciculus)-largest one
  2. inferior longitudinal fasciculus
  3. uncinate fasciculus
  4. cingulum
30
Q

where does the superior longitudinal fasciculus extend to and from?

A

extends from frontal lobe arcing inferiorly into the temporal lobe and posteriorly to the occipital lobe

31
Q

what areas does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

broca’s motor speech area, Wenicke’s area and auditory cortex

32
Q

where does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus extend to and from?

A

extends from occipital lobe to the temporal lobe along the inferior aspect of the hemisphere deep to the occipitotemporal gyrus

33
Q

where does the uncinate fasciculus run?

A

deep to the limen insulae (the anterior border of the insula)

34
Q

what two areas does the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

the frontal and temporal cortices
*it is thought that it connects the orbital frontal cortex-based reward & punishment centers with temporal lobe based memory representations

35
Q

what does the cingulum connect?

A

structures of the limbic system (subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and uncus)

36
Q

where does the cingulum run?

A

it runs on the medial aspect of the hemisphere deep to the cingulated gyrus

37
Q

which structure is hypothesized to be involved in the process of learning to avoid painful stimuli?

A

the cingulum because its connections with areas of the thalamus (that receive pain fibers via the spinothalamic tract)

38
Q

are the association fiber systems direct one way?

A

HELL NO!

39
Q

what is the largest commissural fiber tract?

A

the corpus callosum

40
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

interconnect homologous areas of cortex in the two hemispheres in a spatially oriented fashion

41
Q

what part of the corpus callosum are the frontal lobes connected through?

A

the genu of the corpus callosum

42
Q

what part of the corpus callosum are the parietal lobes connected through?

A

the body of the corpus callosum

43
Q

what part of the corpus callosum are the occipital lobes connected through?

A

the splenium (this facilitates binocular vision)

44
Q

what is the function of the anterior commissure?

A

it connects the anterior poles of the two temporal lobes containing the primary olfactory cortices

45
Q

what is the function of the hippocampal commissure

A

it is comprised of axons of the fornix that cross where the two fornices approach one another between the splenium and the posterior part of the thalamus
connects the two hippocampi

46
Q

what is the function of the posterior commissure?

A

connects two sides of rostral midbrain
involved in pupillary light reflex
essential for maintaining upward gaze

47
Q

in the cerebral hemispheres, the axons of the projection fibers are collectively knwon as what?

A

the corona radiata

48
Q

what is the importance of the thalamic radiations in the corona radiata?

A

they interconnect the thalamic nuclei and their cortical targets
they include sensory projections from the sensory nuclei of teh thalamus to their respective cortical centers in the parietal, occipital & temporal lobes

49
Q

as the axons of the corona radiata pass mediate to the lenticulate nucleus, what are they called?

A

the internal capsule

50
Q

for axons whose targets are the brainstem & spinal cord, they descend onto the anterior aspect of the midbrain as what?

A

the crus cerebri

51
Q

what 3 types of fibers do the internal capsule and crus cerebri contain?

A
  1. cortcospinal fibers
  2. corticobulbar fibers
  3. corticopontine fibers
52
Q

what are corticospinal fibers?

A

they are axons originated in the pre and post central gyri that go to the dorsal & ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord

53
Q

what are the corticobulbular fibers?

A

motor axons that control cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem

54
Q

what are corticopontine fibers?

A

axons from the motor cortex that go to the pontine nuclei (in the base of the pons) which then is projected to the contralateral cerebeller hemisphere

neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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