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neuroanatomy > Section 2 Part 1: General Features, Anatomy of the Ventricles, CSF and BBB > Flashcards

Section 2 Part 1: General Features, Anatomy of the Ventricles, CSF and BBB Flashcards

1
Q

What does the forebrain do?

A

Receive information from our sensors and send controlling signals out to motor and visceral systems

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2
Q

What are the complex computations of the forebrain called?

A

Higher cognitive processes

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3
Q

Within the forebrain, what is the principle structure involved in the higher cognitive processes?

A

The cerebral cortex is the principle area, but subcortical structure also play a role

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4
Q

What do cognitive deficits signal?

A

Forebrain lesion, usually a cortical pathology

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5
Q

What are the three subcortical nuclei that are part of the basal ganglia?

A

1- Caudate
2- Putamen
3- Globus Pallidus

**Together are known as Basal Ganglia with Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

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6
Q

What two subcortical nuclei compose the stratum?

A

Caudate and Putamen

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7
Q

What are the subcortical nuclei involved in?

A

Motor control

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8
Q

What do diseases of the basal ganglia result in?

A

a variety of motor symptoms, including difficulty initiating movement, abnormalities of muscle tone or the development of various involuntary motor movements

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9
Q

What is akinesia?

A

Difficulty initiating movements

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10
Q

What is rigidity?

A

Abnormalities in muscle tone

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11
Q

Does the basal ganglia have a role in cognitive functions?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is the amydgala?

A

a subcortical nucleus

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13
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

It is onvolved in conrolling emotional behavior and is an important component of the limbic system

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14
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

1- amygdala
2- anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus
3- orbital and medial prefrontal gyri of the cerebral cortex
4- ventral parts of teh basal ganglia
5- hippocampus
6- parts of the thalamus that project into these cortical regions

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15
Q

What does the limbic system interact?

A

Portions of the limbic system interact with the hypothalamus and autonomic area of the brainstem

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16
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles reside?

A

They are large “C” shaped structures that reside in each hemisphere

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17
Q

What does each lateral ventricle consist of?

A

Anterior horn, body, posterior horn, inferior horn

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18
Q

Where does the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

Frontal lobe

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19
Q

Where does teh body of teh lateral ventricle lie?

A

Extends across the frontal and parietal lobe

20
Q

Where does the posterior horn lie?

A

occipital lobe

21
Q

Where does the inferior lobe lie?

A

Temporal lobe

22
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

The third ventricle is located at the midline (near the thalamus)

23
Q

What punctures the third ventricle?

A

Thalamic adhesion/ massa intermedia

24
Q

Do the lateral ventricles communicate with one another, if so, how?

A

No they do not

25
Q

Do the lateral ventricles interact with the third ventricle?

A

Yes they do, via the intraventricular foramen

26
Q

What is another name for the intraventricular foramen?

A

Foramen of Monro

27
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

It is located below the cerebellum (the cerebellum forms the roof) and the pons region forms the floor the ventricle

28
Q

Does the third ventricle interact with the fourth ventricle, if so, how?

A

Yes it does, via the cerebal aqueduct

29
Q

Where doe the cerebral aqueduct lie?

A

The midbrain (under the superior and inferior colliculi

30
Q

What ventricle is the foramen of magendie an extension of?

A

The fourth ventricle, it extends caudally

31
Q

What ventricle is the foramen of luschka an extension of?

A

The fourth ventricle, they extend anteriorly

32
Q

What produces a hollow on the ventral medial surface of the interior horn?

A

The hippocampus

33
Q

What does the medial surface of the posterior horn normally abut?

A

The calcarine sulcus

34
Q

What is the tectum?

A

The superior and inferior colliculi. It is dorsal to the aqueduct

35
Q

What is below the tectum?

A

The tegument

36
Q

What is the main function of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?

A

Maintains a stable environment for neurons to function effectively, protecting the CNS from severe fluctuations in ionic concentrations and circulating hormones and neurotransmitters released from other parts of the body

37
Q

Does the BBB allow for the entry of many ionic compounds to the CNS?

A

No, it tends to be exclusionary to many ionic compounds

38
Q

Where is the actual location of the BBB?

A

The capillary endothelium

39
Q

What are the specializations of the BBB/ capillary endothelium?

A

1- Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
2- few endocytotic vesicles for intracellular transport
3- a high number of mitochondria (indicative of high levels of oxidative metabolism)

40
Q

What can enter the brain through the BBB and how do they cross?

A

1- lipid soluable substances (O2 and CO2 gases)

2- Facultative and energy- dependent transport of specific water soluble substances ( glucose and amino acids)

3- ion channels allow particular ions to cross

41
Q

How do substances leave the brain through the BBB?

A

There is a reveres pump (intracellular transporters) within the astroglia that move lipophilic molecules of the brain into the blood

42
Q

Can whole cells migrate across a healthy BBB?

A

Yes– especially lymphocytes and macrophages– but they enter by opening tight junctions

43
Q

Do all regions of the brain have a BBB?

A

No, several regions do not have a BBB

44
Q

Why do some regions of the CNS not have a BBB?

A

Regions that need to sense fluctuation in the blood, because they are part of the circuitry for regulating these fluxes

45
Q

What pathologies are usually associated with a breakdown of the BBB?

A

Brain tumors, bacerial invasions, ischemia

46
Q

What is the most common cause of BBB breakdown?

A

Ischemia

47
Q

Describe the pathology of a stroke:

A

Loss of tissue oxygenation, introduction of toxins to the brain, ionic fluxes, damaged Na/ K pumps— the latter two cause the cells to fill with water

Eventually edema results and there can be an increase in intracranial pressure that can lead to coma and death.

neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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