Section 1, Part 2: External Anatomy and blood supply

Question 1

What does the telencephalon include?

Answer 1

Cerebral hemispheres

cortex+ white matter + basal ganglia

Question 2

What does the diencephalon include?

Answer 2

Thalmus + hypothalmus

Question 3

What is another name for the mesencephalon?

Answer 3

Midbrain

Question 4

What does the metencephalon include?

Answer 4

Cerebellum + Pons

Question 5

What does the myelencephlon include?

Answer 5

Medulla

Question 6

What does the forebrain refer to ?

Answer 6

Telencephalon + diencephalon

Question 7

What does the Hindbrain refer to?

Answer 7

Metencephalon + myelencephalon

cerebellum + pons + medulla

Question 8

What does the brain stem refer to?

Answer 8

Midbrain + pons + medulla

Question 9

What sulci separates the parietal and frontal lobes?

Answer 9

Central sulcus

Question 10

What sulci separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes?

Answer 10

Lateral sulcus

Question 11

What is a sulcus? What is a gyrus?

Answer 11

Sulcus - fissure

Gyrus - bumps of tissues btwn fissures

Question 12

What lobe is the precentral gyrus found in? What lobe is the postcentral gyrus found in?

Answer 12

precentral - frontal

postcentral - parietal

Question 13

What two gyri make up the inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 13

Angular + supramarginal

Question 14

Where is the visual cortex located?

Answer 14

Occipital lobe - area 17

Question 15

In the occipital lobe, what gyrus is above the calcarine sulcus, what is below?

Answer 15

above - cuneus

below - lingual

Question 16

Where is Heschl’s gyrus located? What is this associated with

Answer 16

Temporal lobe

-primary sensory cortex for audition

Question 17

What is the back wall of the area in the lateral sulcus called?

Answer 17

Insula

Question 18

What does the limbic lobe consist of?

Answer 18

parahippocampal + cingulate + subcallosal gyri

these all surround the corpus callosum

Question 19

What is the seal covering the lateral ventricle called?

Answer 19

Septum pellucidum

Question 20

What does the tectum in the midbrain consist of?

Answer 20

Superior + inferior colliculus

Question 21

What does the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain consist of?

Answer 21

tegmentum + crus cerebri

Question 22

What is the tegmentum?

Answer 22

portion of midbrain btwn tectum and crus cerebri

-gray matter of midbrain

Question 23

What is the only cranial nerve that originates on the dorsal side of the midbrain (in the tectum)?

Answer 23

CN 4

Question 24

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect?

Answer 24

medulla to cerebellum

Question 25

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect?

Answer 25

pons to cerebellum

Question 26

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect?

Answer 26

cerebellum to midbrain and thalmus

Question 27

In the Medulla, what is located more inferior and medially, the gracile or the cuneates?

Answer 27

gracile

Question 28

Which cranial nerves originate in the medulla?

Answer 28

glossopharyngeal vagus hypoglossal spinal accessory 9,10,11,12

Question 29

If a patient presents with ataxic or disrupted breathing or irregular heartbeats what does this suggest?

Answer 29

The medulla is compromised

Question 30

Which cranial nerves originate in the pons ?

Answer 30

5,6,7

Question 31

What symptoms indicative of pontine dysfunction?

Answer 31

loss of sensation in the face eye deviated medially weakness of facial muscles

Question 32

Where does cranial nerve 8 originate?

Answer 32

transition btwn the pons and medulla

Question 33

What would be the symptoms of cranial nerve 8 dysfunction?

Answer 33

ipsilateral deficits in hearing or balance

Question 34

Where do cranial nerves 3 and 4 originate?

Answer 34

The midbrain

Question 35

How would midbrain disfunction appear?

Answer 35

dilated pupil | eye movements are restricted

Question 36

What does a coma usually indicate?

Answer 36

involvement of the forebrain or midbrain | -tegmentum of midbrain controls levels of consciousness

Question 37

Which nerves are forebrain nerves?

Answer 37

1 and 2

Question 38

What symptoms are indicative of forebrain disease?

Answer 38

common - loss of vision | loss of smell, changes in mental functions

Question 39

What is the largest component of the brain?

Answer 39

cerebral cortex - 85% by weight

Question 40

What is the pathway of visual information?

Answer 40

thalmus->primary visual cortex or area 17-> occipital cortex -> parietal and temporal lobes

Question 41

How do lesions of the occipital lobe manifest?

Answer 41

blind spots - scotomas in half of the visual field contralateral to the lesion

Question 42

How is each side of the visual cortex interconnected with the other side?

Answer 42

splenium of the corpus callosum

Question 43

What gyrus is associated with the somatosensory system?

Answer 43

postcentral gyrus | (SI or brodmann's areas 3,1,2

Question 44

How will damage to the postcentral gyrus manifest?

Answer 44

somatic sensory deficits on opposite side of the body

Question 45

What is the superior parietal lobule associated with? How will a lesion in this area manifest?

Answer 45

guiding movement apraxia or inability to bring limb under sensory or cognitive control

Question 46

What is the inferior parietal lobule associated with?

Answer 46

dominant hemisphere (usually left) -language supramarginal gyrus-wernicke's - understanding language angular gyrus -gateway for visual information to wernicke's

Question 47

How would damage to the angular gyrus manifest in the left hemisphere? right?

Answer 47

left - inability to read | right - spatial disability - neglect of left side

Question 48

How would damage to the heschl's cortex manifest?

Answer 48

one hemisphere - little deficit | both hemispheres - inability to understand spoken language since it is cut off from wernicke's

Question 49

What is the superior temporal gyrus associated with?

Answer 49

audition - posterior portion - planum temporale - part of wernicke's in dominant hemisphere - important for understanding language

Question 50

What are the middle, inferior temporal lobes and occipito-temporal gyri associated with ?

Answer 50

visual memory and perception

Question 51

What is prospagnosia?

Answer 51

lesions of the inferior temporal lobe - inability to identify or recognize faces

Question 52

What would result from a lesion of the parahippocampal gyrus and uncus?

Answer 52

bilateral damage -severe amnesia since these are associated with memory

Question 53

How are the anterior regions of the temporal lobes and olfactory lobes connected?

Answer 53

anterior commisure

Question 54

What is located at the precentral gyrus and what area number is it?

Answer 54

area 4 | primary motor cortex

Question 55

What would result from a lesion at the precentral gyrus?

Answer 55

weakness on the opposite side of the body

Question 56

What is located at the superior and middle frontal gyri?

Answer 56

secondary motor and premotor areas | organization of voluntary movements

Question 57

What would result from damage to the superior and middle frontal gyri?

Answer 57

forms of apraxia (understand task is asked but can't perform it) in dominant hemisphere - inability to write

Question 58

What is another term for the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere? What is it's function?

Answer 58

Broca's area | programming of speech

Question 59

What region of the brain is far more developed in humans than any other species? What is believed to be it's function

Answer 59

prefrontal cortex make-up of personality planning and sequencing of complex tasks

Question 60

What would result from damage to the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 60

altered personality | compulsive repetitive behaviors - inability to plan

Question 61

How are the frontal lobes connected?

Answer 61

genu of the corpus callosum

Question 62

Describe the pathway in which information about language is processed?

Answer 62

Speech information: - enters the temporal cortex in heschl's gyrus - spreads to wernicke's Visual information: -from occipital lobe to wernicke's thru angular gyrus -wernicke's-->frontal lobe - Broca's area

Question 63

What areas does wernicke's include?

Answer 63

supramarginal gyrus | superior temporal gyrus

Question 64

What is wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 64

inability to understand language and speak coherently

Question 65

What is broca's aphasia?

Answer 65

inability to generate speech but understands