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neuroanatomy > Section 1, Part 2: External Anatomy and blood supply > Flashcards

Section 1, Part 2: External Anatomy and blood supply Flashcards

1
Q

What does the telencephalon include?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

cortex+ white matter + basal ganglia

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2
Q

What does the diencephalon include?

A

Thalmus + hypothalmus

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3
Q

What is another name for the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

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4
Q

What does the metencephalon include?

A

Cerebellum + Pons

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5
Q

What does the myelencephlon include?

A

Medulla

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6
Q

What does the forebrain refer to ?

A

Telencephalon + diencephalon

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7
Q

What does the Hindbrain refer to?

A

Metencephalon + myelencephalon

cerebellum + pons + medulla

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8
Q

What does the brain stem refer to?

A

Midbrain + pons + medulla

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9
Q

What sulci separates the parietal and frontal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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10
Q

What sulci separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes?

A

Lateral sulcus

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11
Q

What is a sulcus? What is a gyrus?

A

Sulcus - fissure

Gyrus - bumps of tissues btwn fissures

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12
Q

What lobe is the precentral gyrus found in? What lobe is the postcentral gyrus found in?

A

precentral - frontal

postcentral - parietal

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13
Q

What two gyri make up the inferior parietal lobule?

A

Angular + supramarginal

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14
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe - area 17

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15
Q

In the occipital lobe, what gyrus is above the calcarine sulcus, what is below?

A

above - cuneus

below - lingual

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16
Q

Where is Heschl’s gyrus located? What is this associated with

A

Temporal lobe

-primary sensory cortex for audition

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17
Q

What is the back wall of the area in the lateral sulcus called?

A

Insula

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18
Q

What does the limbic lobe consist of?

A

parahippocampal + cingulate + subcallosal gyri

these all surround the corpus callosum

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19
Q

What is the seal covering the lateral ventricle called?

A

Septum pellucidum

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20
Q

What does the tectum in the midbrain consist of?

A

Superior + inferior colliculus

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21
Q

What does the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain consist of?

A

tegmentum + crus cerebri

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22
Q

What is the tegmentum?

A

portion of midbrain btwn tectum and crus cerebri

-gray matter of midbrain

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23
Q

What is the only cranial nerve that originates on the dorsal side of the midbrain (in the tectum)?

A

CN 4

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24
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

medulla to cerebellum

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25
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

pons to cerebellum

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26
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

cerebellum to midbrain and thalmus

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27
Q

In the Medulla, what is located more inferior and medially, the gracile or the cuneates?

A

gracile

28
Q

Which cranial nerves originate in the medulla?

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus
hypoglossal
spinal accessory

9,10,11,12

29
Q

If a patient presents with ataxic or disrupted breathing or irregular heartbeats what does this suggest?

A

The medulla is compromised

30
Q

Which cranial nerves originate in the pons ?

A

5,6,7

31
Q

What symptoms indicative of pontine dysfunction?

A

loss of sensation in the face
eye deviated medially
weakness of facial muscles

32
Q

Where does cranial nerve 8 originate?

A

transition btwn the pons and medulla

33
Q

What would be the symptoms of cranial nerve 8 dysfunction?

A

ipsilateral deficits in hearing or balance

34
Q

Where do cranial nerves 3 and 4 originate?

A

The midbrain

35
Q

How would midbrain disfunction appear?

A

dilated pupil

eye movements are restricted

36
Q

What does a coma usually indicate?

A

involvement of the forebrain or midbrain

-tegmentum of midbrain controls levels of consciousness

37
Q

Which nerves are forebrain nerves?

A

1 and 2

38
Q

What symptoms are indicative of forebrain disease?

A

common - loss of vision

loss of smell, changes in mental functions

39
Q

What is the largest component of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex - 85% by weight

40
Q

What is the pathway of visual information?

A

thalmus->primary visual cortex or area 17-> occipital cortex -> parietal and temporal lobes

41
Q

How do lesions of the occipital lobe manifest?

A

blind spots - scotomas in half of the visual field contralateral to the lesion

42
Q

How is each side of the visual cortex interconnected with the other side?

A

splenium of the corpus callosum

43
Q

What gyrus is associated with the somatosensory system?

A

postcentral gyrus

(SI or brodmann’s areas 3,1,2

44
Q

How will damage to the postcentral gyrus manifest?

A

somatic sensory deficits on opposite side of the body

45
Q

What is the superior parietal lobule associated with? How will a lesion in this area manifest?

A

guiding movement

apraxia or inability to bring limb under sensory or cognitive control

46
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobule associated with?

A

dominant hemisphere (usually left) -language

supramarginal gyrus-wernicke’s - understanding language

angular gyrus -gateway for visual information to wernicke’s

47
Q

How would damage to the angular gyrus manifest in the left hemisphere? right?

A

left - inability to read

right - spatial disability - neglect of left side

48
Q

How would damage to the heschl’s cortex manifest?

A

one hemisphere - little deficit

both hemispheres - inability to understand spoken language since it is cut off from wernicke’s

49
Q

What is the superior temporal gyrus associated with?

A

audition

  • posterior portion - planum temporale - part of wernicke’s in dominant hemisphere
  • important for understanding language
50
Q

What are the middle, inferior temporal lobes and occipito-temporal gyri associated with ?

A

visual memory and perception

51
Q

What is prospagnosia?

A

lesions of the inferior temporal lobe - inability to identify or recognize faces

52
Q

What would result from a lesion of the parahippocampal gyrus and uncus?

A

bilateral damage -severe amnesia since these are associated with memory

53
Q

How are the anterior regions of the temporal lobes and olfactory lobes connected?

A

anterior commisure

54
Q

What is located at the precentral gyrus and what area number is it?

A

area 4

primary motor cortex

55
Q

What would result from a lesion at the precentral gyrus?

A

weakness on the opposite side of the body

56
Q

What is located at the superior and middle frontal gyri?

A

secondary motor and premotor areas

organization of voluntary movements

57
Q

What would result from damage to the superior and middle frontal gyri?

A

forms of apraxia (understand task is asked but can’t perform it)

in dominant hemisphere - inability to write

58
Q

What is another term for the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere? What is it’s function?

A

Broca’s area

programming of speech

59
Q

What region of the brain is far more developed in humans than any other species? What is believed to be it’s function

A

prefrontal cortex
make-up of personality
planning and sequencing of complex tasks

60
Q

What would result from damage to the prefrontal cortex?

A

altered personality

compulsive repetitive behaviors - inability to plan

61
Q

How are the frontal lobes connected?

A

genu of the corpus callosum

62
Q

Describe the pathway in which information about language is processed?

A

Speech information:

  • enters the temporal cortex in heschl’s gyrus
  • spreads to wernicke’s

Visual information:
-from occipital lobe to wernicke’s thru angular gyrus

-wernicke’s–>frontal lobe - Broca’s area

63
Q

What areas does wernicke’s include?

A

supramarginal gyrus

superior temporal gyrus

64
Q

What is wernicke’s aphasia?

A

inability to understand language and speak coherently

65
Q

What is broca’s aphasia?

A

inability to generate speech but understands

neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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