Section 1, Part 3: external anatomy & blood supply Flashcards
what are the 3 major branches of the vertebral artery?
posterior spinal artery (2)
anterior spinal artery (1)
posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
what are the 5 major branches of the basilar artery?
- anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
- pontine arteries
- superior cerebellar artery
- posterior cerebral artery
- posterior communicating artery
what are the 5 major branches of the internal carotid artery?
- ophthalmic artery
- anterior cerebral artery
- middle cerebral artery
- lenticulostriate arteries
- anterior communicating artery
where does posterior circulation for the CNS arise from?
vertebral artery
where does the anterior circulation for the CNS arise from?
internal carotid arteries
what arteries provide anastomoses for the anterior and posterior circulation of CNS?
the posterior communicating arteries
which artery supplies the dorsolateral medulla and medial portions of the cerebellum (including cerebellar nuclei)?
posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
list 3 locations that the posterior circulation supplies
the brainstem
cerebellum
part of the cerebral cortex
at which location do the vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery?
at the junction of the medulla and the pons
which arteries supply the undersurface of the cerebellar cortex and central areas of the pontine tegmentum?
anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
which arteries supply the superior surface of the cerebellar cortex and dorsolateral areas of the pontine tegmentum?
superior cerebellar arteries
at the end of the basilar artery, what does it bifurcate into?
the posterior cerebral arteries (which travel along the medial surfaces of the temporal & occipital lobes)
branches from which artery supply the midbrain, posterior parts of the thalamus and internal capsule?
branches from the posterior cerebral arteries (called the posterior choroidal arteries)
the posterior communicating artery is a branch off which artery?
the posterior cerebral artery
the posterior communicating artery is important to connect the anterior and posterior circulation, but it also sends branches to which 3 structures?
thalamus
midbrain
crus cerebri
after the internal carotid joins the posterior communicating arteries, which two branches does it give rise to?
anterior cerebral artery & middle cerebral artery
which structure does each anterior cerebral artery supply?
the MEDIAL surface of the frontal & parietal lobes in ONE hemisphere
which structure does each middle cerebral artery supply?
most of the lateral surface of one cerebral hemisphere including the insula
which structures does the anterior choroidal artery supply?
hippocampus
anterior choroid plexus
posterior internal capsule
which structures does the lenticulostriate artery supply?
basal ganglia
amygdala
internal capsule
anterior thalamus
what is the basal ganglia in charge of?
involuntary movement
the lenticulostriate artery is a branch of which artery?
the middle cerebral artery
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“paralysis, loss of pain and temp sense BELOW the occlusion”
the spinal cord branch of the anterior spinal artery
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“ contralateral sensory loss & paresis, ipsilateral tongue paralysis”
the medullary branch of the anterior spinal artery
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
vertigo, loss of balance, ipsilateral “cerebellar signs”, loss of facial pain sensation, hoarseness”
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
“Wallenburg’s syndrome”
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“ipsilateral “cerebellar signs” (tremor, ataxia), facial paralysis, ipsilateral hearing loss, loss of pain & temp over face ipsilaterally”
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“paralysis & loss of sensation in the face, body & limbs; can also affect eye movement and cause diplopia”
basilar branches
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“ipsilateral cerebellar signs, contralateral pain & temperature loss, Horners”
superior cerebellar artery
list structures supplied by the posterior cerebral artery
occipital lobe medial portions of parietal & temporal lobes anterior & posterior midbrain crus cerebri posterior thalamus
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“bilateral blindness, memory loss, somatosensory loss, coma & death”
top of basilar occulsion
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“unilateral blidness in the visual field contralateral to affected side, alexia”
posterior cerebral artery
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“contralateral paresis, coma & death”
posterior communicating branches
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“contralateral paralysis & sensory loss; apraxia, aphasia & partial blindness”
middle cerebral artery
what does the word apraxia mean?
performing the wrong action
ex. asking you to point at the man, you know where the man is, and your arm works, you just don’t point in the right direction
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“contralateral paralysis and sensory loss in leg & foot, sometimes apraxia”
anterior cerebral artery
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“possibly involuntary movements (basal ganglia); paralysis, sensory deficits over entire 1/2 of the body, homonymous visual field deficits (internal capsule”
lenticulostriate arteries
the following symptoms can be a result of blood flow blockage of which artery?
“paralysis, sensory deficits, visual field defect”
anterior choroidal artery
which part of the brain does coordination & balance?
cerebellum
if constant hypotonia is present, which part of the brain do you suspect?
cerebellum
is cortical control of the facial nerve nucleus that supplies the LOWER part (around the mouth) of the face contralateral or bilateral?
contralateral
is cortical control of the facial nerve nucleus that supplies the upper part (around the forehead) of the face contralateral or bilateral?
bilateral
hyper-reflexia and hypertonia are symptoms of what?
an upper motor neuron lesion
will there be weakness in an upper motor neuron lesion? lower motor neuron lesion?
yes & yes
will there be atrophy in an upper motor neuron lesion? lower motor neuron lesion?
no in upper neuron lesion, yes in lower neuron lesion
will there be fasciculation in an upper motor neuron lesion? lower motor neuron lesion?
no in upper neuron lesion, yes in lower neuron lesion
in a lower motor neuron lesion, will a person’s reflexes increase or decrease? what about tone?
they will both decrease
when is babinski’s sign seen?
in an upper motor neuron lesion
