Second half of chapter 8 Flashcards
The Pectoral Girdle
Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm
Consists of two bones on each side of the body
Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
Scapula articulates with the clavicle and the humerus
Scapula
Scapula—named for resemblance to a shovel
The Upper Limb
Upper limb is divided into four regions containing a total of 30 bones per limb
The Upper Limb-
Brachium (arm proper)
Brachium (arm proper): extends from shoulder to elbow
Contains only 1 bone—humerus
The Upper Limb-
Antebrachium (forearm)
Antebrachium (forearm): extends from elbow to wrist
Contains 2 bones—radius and ulna
The Upper Limb-
Carpus (wrist)
Carpus (wrist)
Contains 8 small bones arranged in two rows
The Upper Limb-Manus (hand)
Manus (hand)
19 bones in two groups
5 metacarpals in palm
14 phalanges in fingers
The Carpal Bones
Eight bones form wrist
Allow movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Two rows (four bones each)
The Metacarpal Bones
Metacarpals—bones of the palm
Metacarpal I proximal to base of thumb
Metacarpal V proximal to base of little finger
Phalanges
Phalanges—bones of the fingers Thumb or pollex has two phalanges Proximal, distal phalanx Fingers have three phalanges Proximal, middle, distal phalanx
The Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic girdle—a ring composed of three bones.Two hip (coxal) bones (also called ossa coxae or innominate bones) One sacrum (also part of vertebral column)
The Pelvic Girdle-pelvis
Pelvis—the pelvic girdle plus ligaments and muscles that line the pelvic cavity and form its floor
The Pelvic Girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Sacroiliac joint—joins coxal bone to vertebral column
Auricular surface of ileum to auricular surface of sacrum
The Pelvic Girdle
Pubic symphysis
Pubic symphysis—the interpubic disc (of fibrocartilage) joins pubic bones anteriorly
The Lower Limb
Lower limb divided into four regions containing 30 bones per limb
The Lower Limb Femoral region (thigh)
Femoral region (thigh): extends from hip to knee region Contains femur and patella
The Lower Limb Crural region (leg proper)
Crural region (leg proper): extends from knee to ankle Contains medial tibia and lateral fibula
The Lower Limb Tarsal region (tarsus):
Tarsal region (tarsus): ankle—the union of the crural region with the foot Tarsal bones are considered part of the foot
The Lower Limb Pedal region (pes)
Pedal region (pes): foot Composed of 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges in the toes
The Femur
Longest and strongest bone of the body
Hemispherical head articulates with acetabulum of pelvis
Tibia
Tibia—thick, medial, leg bone
Only weight-bearing bone of the crural region
Anterior border—sharp, angular (“shin-bone”)
The Fibula
Fibula—slender, lateral strut that helps stabilize ankle
Does not bear any body weight
The Ankle and Foot
Talus
Talus is most superior tarsal bone
Forms ankle joint with tibia and fibula
The Ankle and Foot
Calcaneus
Calcaneus—largest tarsal bone
Forms heel
Distal portion is point of attachment for calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
The Ankle and Foot
Tarsal bones
Tarsal bones—in ankle
Differ from carpal bones due to load-bearing role of the ankle
The Ankle and Foot
Metatarsals
(The rest of the foot bones resemble the hand bones in name and arrangement)
Metatarsals
Metatarsal I is proximal to the great toe (hallux)
Metatarsal V is proximal to the little toe
Proximal base, intermediate shaft, and distal head
The Ankle and Foot
Phalanges
(The rest of the foot bones resemble the hand bones in name and arrangement)
Phalanges Two in great toe Proximal and distal phalanx Three in all other toes Proximal, middle, distal phalanx
Adaptations
Adaptations
Strong, springy foot arches
Great toe not opposable
Femurs angle inward so knees are closer together—erect posture requires less muscular effort
Viscera supported in bowl-shaped pelvis
Insertions of gluteal muscles differ from other primates
Appendicular skeleton, know where
appending upper extremity (Hand,forearm,upper arm, shoulder and clavicle) Lower extremity (feet, calve, thigh, pelvis)
Glenoid cavity
Shallow cup to link the arm to the shoulder. Head of the humorous in the glenoid.
