Second half of chapter 8

Question 1

The Pectoral Girdle

Answer 1

Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) supports the arm
Consists of two bones on each side of the body
Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
Scapula articulates with the clavicle and the humerus

Question 2

Scapula

Answer 2

Scapula—named for resemblance to a shovel

Question 3

The Upper Limb

Answer 3

Upper limb is divided into four regions containing a total of 30 bones per limb

Question 4

The Upper Limb-

Brachium (arm proper)

Answer 4

Brachium (arm proper): extends from shoulder to elbow

Contains only 1 bone—humerus

Question 5

The Upper Limb-

Antebrachium (forearm)

Answer 5

Antebrachium (forearm): extends from elbow to wrist

Contains 2 bones—radius and ulna

Question 6

The Upper Limb-

Carpus (wrist)

Answer 6

Carpus (wrist)

Contains 8 small bones arranged in two rows

Question 7

The Upper Limb-Manus (hand)

Answer 7

Manus (hand)
19 bones in two groups
5 metacarpals in palm
14 phalanges in fingers

Question 8

The Carpal Bones

Answer 8

Eight bones form wrist
Allow movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Two rows (four bones each)

Question 9

The Metacarpal Bones

Answer 9

Metacarpals—bones of the palm
Metacarpal I proximal to base of thumb
Metacarpal V proximal to base of little finger

Question 10

Phalanges

Answer 10

Phalanges—bones of the fingers
Thumb or pollex has two phalanges
Proximal, distal phalanx
Fingers have three phalanges
Proximal, middle,  distal phalanx

Question 11

The Pelvic Girdle

Answer 11

Pelvic girdle—a ring composed of three bones.Two hip (coxal) bones (also called ossa coxae or innominate bones)
One sacrum (also part of vertebral column)

Question 12

The Pelvic Girdle-pelvis

Answer 12

Pelvis—the pelvic girdle plus ligaments and muscles that line the pelvic cavity and form its floor

Question 13

The Pelvic Girdle

Sacroiliac joint

Answer 13

Sacroiliac joint—joins coxal bone to vertebral column

Auricular surface of ileum to auricular surface of sacrum

Question 14

The Pelvic Girdle

Pubic symphysis

Answer 14

Pubic symphysis—the interpubic disc (of fibrocartilage) joins pubic bones anteriorly

Question 15

The Lower Limb

Answer 15

Lower limb divided into four regions containing 30 bones per limb

Question 16

The Lower Limb
Femoral region (thigh)

Answer 16

Femoral region (thigh): extends from hip to knee region
Contains femur and patella

Question 17

The Lower Limb
Crural region (leg proper)

Answer 17

Crural region (leg proper): extends from knee to ankle 
Contains medial tibia and lateral fibula

Question 18

The Lower Limb
Tarsal region (tarsus):

Answer 18

Tarsal region (tarsus): ankle—the union of the crural region with the foot 
Tarsal bones are considered part of the foot

Question 19

The Lower Limb
Pedal region (pes)

Answer 19

Pedal region (pes): foot
Composed of  7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges in the toes

Question 20

The Femur

Answer 20

Longest and strongest bone of the body

Hemispherical head articulates with acetabulum of pelvis

Question 21

Tibia

Answer 21

Tibia—thick, medial, leg bone
Only weight-bearing bone of the crural region
Anterior border—sharp, angular (“shin-bone”)

Question 22

The Fibula

Answer 22

Fibula—slender, lateral strut that helps stabilize ankle

Does not bear any body weight

Question 23

The Ankle and Foot

Talus

Answer 23

Talus is most superior tarsal bone

Forms ankle joint with tibia and fibula

Question 24

The Ankle and Foot

Calcaneus

Answer 24

Calcaneus—largest tarsal bone
Forms heel
Distal portion is point of attachment for calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

Question 25

The Ankle and Foot | Tarsal bones

Answer 25

Tarsal bones—in ankle | Differ from carpal bones due to load-bearing role of the ankle

Question 26

The Ankle and Foot Metatarsals (The rest of the foot bones resemble the hand bones in name and arrangement)

Answer 26

Metatarsals Metatarsal I is proximal to the great toe (hallux) Metatarsal V is proximal to the little toe Proximal base, intermediate shaft, and distal head

Question 27

The Ankle and Foot Phalanges (The rest of the foot bones resemble the hand bones in name and arrangement)

Answer 27

``` Phalanges Two in great toe Proximal and distal phalanx Three in all other toes Proximal, middle, distal phalanx ```

Question 28

Adaptations

Answer 28

Adaptations Strong, springy foot arches Great toe not opposable Femurs angle inward so knees are closer together—erect posture requires less muscular effort Viscera supported in bowl-shaped pelvis Insertions of gluteal muscles differ from other primates

Question 29

Appendicular skeleton, know where

Answer 29

``` appending upper extremity (Hand,forearm,upper arm, shoulder and clavicle) Lower extremity (feet, calve, thigh, pelvis) ```

Question 30

Glenoid cavity

Answer 30

Shallow cup to link the arm to the shoulder. Head of the humorous in the glenoid.