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Human Anatomy > First half of chapter 8 > Flashcards

First half of chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of the Skeleton-Axial skeleton

A

Axial skeleton -Forms central supporting axis of body

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid

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2
Q

Overview of the Skeleton-Appendicular skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle,Upper extremity,Pelvic girdle,Lower extremity

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3
Q

Number of bones

A

206 in typical adult skeleton. Varies with development of sesamoid bones. Bones that form within tendons (e.g., patella). Varies with presence of sutural (wormian) bones in skull. Extra bones that develop in skull suture lines. 270 bones at birth, but number decreases with fusion

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4
Q

Anatomical Features of Bones-Bone markings

A

Bone markings—ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces

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5
Q

Ways to study bones

A

Ways to study bones
Articulated skeleton: held together by wire and rods, shows spatial relationships between bones
Disarticulated bones: taken apart so their surface features can be studied in detail

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6
Q

The Skull

A

Skull—most complex part of skeleton
22 bones joined together by sutures (immovable joints)
Several cavities—cranial cavity (brain case), orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, oral (buccal) cavity, middle- and inner-ear cavities, and paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

The Skull-Foramina

A

Foramina—holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels

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8
Q

The Skull-Paranasal sinuses

A

Paranasal sinuses—frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
Lined by mucous membrane and are air-filled
Act as chambers that add resonance to the voice; lighten the skull

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9
Q

Facial bones

A 
Facial bones (14)—skull bones anterior to the cranial cavity (do not enclose brain).Support teeth.Give shape to face.Form part of orbital and nasal cavities.Provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication.
-2 maxillae			2 palatine 	 	
1 mandible					
2 zygomatic		 	
2 nasal
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10
Q

Vertebral Column: General Features

A

Functions of spine
Supports skull and trunk and allows for their movement
Protects spinal cord
Absorbs stresses of movements
Provides attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles

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11
Q

33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs

A

33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs between most of them
Discs account for about one-quarter of spine’s 71 cm length (on average)
Discs compress a bit during the day due to pressure of body weight

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12
Q

Vertebral Column: General Features (continued)-Five vertebral groups

A 
Five vertebral groups
7 cervical in the neck
12 thoracic in the chest
5 lumbar in lower back
5 fused sacral at base of spine
4 fused coccygeal
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13
Q

Vertebral Column: General Features (continued)-Variations in number of vertebrae occur in 1 in 20 people

A

Variations in number of vertebrae occur in 1 in 20 people

Generally in the number of fused vertebrae in inferior part of spine

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14
Q

Vertebral Column: General Features (continued)

A 
S-shaped vertebral column with  four normal curvatures
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Pelvic
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15
Q

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

A

Abnormalities result from disease, paralysis of trunk muscles, poor posture, pregnancy, or congenital defects.
Scoliosis—abnormal lateral curvature.

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16
Q

Cervical Vertebrae-Atlas (C1)

A

Atlas
Supports the head
Has no body; consists of delicate ring around large vertebral foramen

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17
Q

Lateral masses

A

Lateral masses

Superior articular facets articulate with occipital bone; allows nodding “yes”

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18
Q

Cervical Vertebrae-Axis(C2)

A

Axis
Allows head rotation gesturing “no”
Dens or odontoid process—prominent knob on its anterosuperior side

19
Q

The Thoracic Vertebrae

A

12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)

Correspond to the 12 pairs of ribs attached to them

20
Q

Occipital bone (skull)

A

back of the skull

21
Q

Frontal bone

A

on the forehead and over the eyes

22
Q

Parietal bones

A

Makes up most of the walls of the head (on the top of head)

23
Q

Temporal bone

A

right above the ear and jaw (meaning temple)

24
Q

Sagittal suture

A

in the middle of the skill like a stitch bring them together and fuse, sliced vertical

25
Q

Coronal suture

A

separate the front of the skull from the back, sliced horizontal

26
Q

Squamous suture

A

back side separating the parietal and temporal

27
Q

Lambdoid

A

separates the occipital bone from parietal

28
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

opening of the ear canal

29
Q

The Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5)

Thick, stout body

Superior articular processes
Lumbar region resistant to twisting movements

30
Q

The Sacrum

A

Sacrum—bony plate that forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity

Five separate sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) begin fusing around age 16 and complete fusion by age 26

31
Q

Maxillae

A

Bone that holds the front of teeth up to the nose, slightly attributes to cheek bones

32
Q

Mandible

A

the lower jaw, only part of our skull that moves

33
Q

The Coccyx

A

Coccyx—usually consists of four small vertebrae (Co1–Co4); sometimes five
Fuse into single, triangular bone by age 20 to 30

34
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

cheek bones

35
Q

The Thoracic Cage

A

Thoracic cage consists of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
Encloses lungs and heart
Also provides some protection of spleen, liver kidneys
Provides attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs
Rhythmically expanded by respiratory muscles to draw air into lungs

36
Q

Nasal bones

A

top of nose

37
Q

The Sternum

A

Sternum (breastbone)—bony plate anterior to the heart

38
Q

palatine bones

A

makes up small area in the back of the throat

39
Q

The Ribs

A 
12 pairs of ribs
-  Posterior (proximal)    
   ends attached to 
   vertebral column
-  Most ribs’ anterior 
   (distal) ends attached 
   to sternum
Costal cartilages (made of hyaline cartilage) attach rib to sternum
40
Q

In-depth about the ribs The Ribs-True ribs

A 
True ribs (ribs 1–7)
Each is directly connected to sternum
41
Q

Hyoid bone

A

On top of the thyroid gland

42
Q

In-depth about the ribs- false ribs

A 
False ribs (ribs 8–12)
Lack independent connections to sternum
43
Q

Indepth about the ribs-Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)

A 
Floating ribs (ribs 11–12)
Do not have cartilaginous connection to sternum or higher costal cartilages

Human Anatomy (15 decks)

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