First half of chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Bones and their dynamics

A

Bones and teeth are the most durable remains of a once-living body .Living skeleton is made of dynamic tissues, full of cells, permeated with nerves and blood vessels. Continually remodels itself and interacts with other organ systems of the body. Osteology is the study of bone

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2
Q

Skeletal system

A

Skeletal system—composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments

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3
Q

Cartilage

A

Cartilage—forerunner of most bones

Covers many joint surfaces of mature bone

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4
Q

Ligaments

A

Ligaments—hold bones together at joints

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5
Q

Tendons

A

Tendons—attach muscle to bone

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6
Q

Functions of the Skeleton

: Support and protection

A

Support—limb bones and vertebrae support body; jaw bones support teeth; some bones support viscera
Protection—of brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and more

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7
Q

Functions of the Skeleton:Movement and electrolyle balance.

A

Movement—limb movements, breathing, and other movements depend on bone
Electrolyte balance—calcium and phosphate levels

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8
Q

Functions of skeleton: Acid–base balance,Blood formation

A

Acid–base balance—buffers blood against large pH changes by altering phosphate and carbonate salt levels
Blood formation—red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells

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9
Q

Bones and Osseous Tissue:Bone (osseous tissue)

A

Bone (osseous tissue)—connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals

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10
Q

Bones and Osseous Tissue:Mineralization or calcification

A

Mineralization or calcification—the hardening process of bone

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11
Q

Bones and Osseous Tissue:Individual bones (organs)

A

Individual bones (organs) consist of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue

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12
Q

General Features of Bones: flat and long bones

A
Flat bones
Thin, curved plates 
Protect soft organs 
Long bones
Longer than wide
Rigid levers acted upon by muscles; crucial for movement
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13
Q

General Features of Bones: short and irregular bones

A

Short bones
Approximately equal in length and width
Glide across one another in multiple directions
Irregular bones
Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories

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14
Q

General Features of Bones:Compact bone

A

Compact bone—dense outer shell of bone.

Skeleton three-fourths compact and one-fourth spongy bone by weight.

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15
Q

General Features of Bones:Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

Spongy (cancellous) bone—loosely organized bone tissue
Found in center of ends and center of shafts of long bones and in middle of nearly all others
Covered by more durable compact bone

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16
Q

Long bone features:

Diaphysis,Epiphyses and Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

A
Diaphysis—shaft that provides leverage
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)—space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow
Epiphyses—enlarged ends of a long bone
Strengthen joint and anchor ligaments and tendons
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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Articular cartilage—layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface; allows joint to move more freely

18
Q

Nutrient foramina

A

Nutrient foramina—minute holes in bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

19
Q

Periosteum

A

Periosteum—external sheath covering most of bone

20
Q

Outer fibrous layer of collagen

A

Outer fibrous layer of collagen

Some fibers continuous with tendons.Perforating fibers—penetrate into bone matrix

21
Q

Inner osteogenic layer

A

Inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells

Important to bone growth and healing of fractures

22
Q

Endosteum

A

Endosteum—thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity
Has cells that dissolve osseous tissue and others that deposit it

23
Q

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)—

A

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)—area of hyaline cartilage that separates epiphyses and diaphyses of children’s bones
Enables growth in length
Epiphyseal line—in adults, a bony scar that marks where growth plate used to be.

24
Q

Flat bone

A
Flat bone
Sandwich-like construction
Two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone
Both surfaces covered with periosteum
Diploe—spongy middle layer 
Absorbs shock
Marrow spaces lined with endosteum
25
Bone Cells
Bone is connective tissue that consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance Four principal types of bone cells Osteogenic cells; osteoblasts; osteocytes; osteoclasts
26
Bone Cells: Osteogenic cells
Osteogenic cells—stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum Arise from embryonic mesenchymal cells Multiply continuously and give rise to most other bone cell types
27
Bone Cells: Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells Form single layer of cells under endosteum and periosteum Nonmitotic Synthesize soft organic matter of matrix which then hardens by mineral deposition Stress stimulates osteogenic cells to multiply rapidly and increase the number of osteoblasts which reinforce bone Secrete hormone osteocalcin Stimulates insulin secretion of pancreas Increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes which limits the growth of adipose tissue
28
Bone Cells: Osteocytes
Osteocytes: Osteocytes—former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited.Cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes reach into canaliculi and contact processes of neighboring cells Gap junctions allow for passage of nutrients, wastes, signals Some osteocytes reabsorb bone matrix while others deposit it Act as strain sensors—when stressed, produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling (shape and density changes that are adaptive)
29
Bone cells:Lacunae
Lacunae—tiny cavities where osteocytes reside
30
Bone cells: Canaliculi
Canaliculi—little channels that connect lacunae
31
Bone Cells, Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts—bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface Osteoclasts develop from same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells (different origin from other bone cells) Very large cells formed from fusion of several stem cells Have multiple nuclei in each cell
32
Bone Cells, Ruffled border
Ruffled border (large surface area) faces bone
33
resorption bays
Cells often reside in resorption bays (pits in bone surface) | Dissolving bone is part of bone remodeling
34
The Matrix: | Matrix of osseous tissue
Matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter
35
The Matrix:Organic matter
Organic matter—synthesized by osteoblasts | Collagen, carbohydrate–protein complexes, such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
36
The Matrix:Inorganic matter
Inorganic matter 85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt) 10% calcium carbonate Other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium)
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The Matrix:composite material
Bone is a composite material—a combination of a ceramic and a polymer
38
The Matrix,composite material: Hydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite and other minerals are the ceramic and collagen (protein) is the polymer
39
The Matrix,composite material: Ceramic portion
Ceramic portion allows the bone to support body weight without sagging Rickets is a disease caused by mineral deficiency and resulting in soft, deformed bones
40
The Matrix,composite material: Polymer (protein)
``` Polymer (protein) gives some flexibility Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) results from a defect in collagen deposition ```