Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is Biochemistry?
The study of molecules that COMPOSE living organisms
24 elements do what?
They have biological roles, 6 elements complete 98.5% of body weight.
what are electrolytes?
mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function.
What is the meaning of Nucleus, Protons, Neutrons and Electrons?
The Nucleus is the center of the atom.
Protons has a single positive charge
Neutrons have no cahrge.
Elctrons have a single negative charge.
How many electrons are in the inner shell?
2
What is chemistry all about?
All chemistry is about the moving of atoms
When are atoms happiest?
When their outer shell is filled with neutrons.
The # of what is the same ?
The number of protons are same as the number of electrons in atoms.
What are valence electrons?
they orbit in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom.
What are ions exactly?
Charged particle (atom or molecule) with an unequal number of protons and electrons. Inozation is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Define Anions, Cation, and electrolytes?
Anion- particle that gain electron(s) (negative charge)
Cation particle that loses electron(s) (positive charge)
Electrolytes- substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current.
What are Molecules, Compounds, Molecular Formula, Structural Formula?
Molecules are chemical particle composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond.
Compounds are molecules composed of two or more different elements.
Molecular formulae are identified constituent elements and how many atoms of each are present.
Structural formula- identifies the location of each atom.
What are chemical bonds?
It holds atoms together within a molecule or attracts one molecule to another.
What are the most important bonds?
Ionic bonds,covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Walls forces.
What are ionic bonds?
Attraction between anions and cations. electrons donated from one atom to another. Easily broken by water.
What is a double covalent bond?
two pairs of electrons are shared
What is a single covalent bond?
(very strong) one pair of electrons is shared.
What are nonpolar bonds?
electrons shared equally which are the strongest bonds.
What is a polar bond?
electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen)
Define hydrogen bonds?
A week attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitroen atom in another.Water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds. ONLY SHARING PARTICALLY.
What is the meaning and examples of mixtures?
Physically belended but not chemically combined.Body fluids are complex mixtures of chemicals. Most mixtures in out bodeis consist of chemical dissolved or susspended in waer. Water is 50% to 75% of body weight.
Define Solvency in regards to water?
ability to dissolve other chemicals, what is called a universal solvent.
What is Hydrophphillic and Hydrophobic?
Hydrophollic- substances that dissolve in water, molecules must be polarized or charged.
Hydrophobis- substances that do not dissolve in water, molecules no polar or nuetral.
What do metablic reactions depend on?
Metabolic reactions depend on solvency of water.
What happens to attaractions to water molecules?
overpower the ionic hond in NaCI. Water forms hydration sphers around each ion and dissolve them. Waters negative pole face Na+, its pocitive pole faces CI-
What is adhesions and Cohesion?
Adhesion- tendency of one substances to cling to another.
Choseion- tendency of like molecules to cling to each other.
What is chemical reactivity?
ability to participate in chemical reactions. Water ionizes many other cheicals.
What defines waters thermal stability?
Waters thermal stability helps stabilize the internal tempature of the body. Water has high heat capactiy. It takes a lot to rise or drop heat.
Hydrogen is a what?
hydrogen is proton, protons have concetration.
What is a solution?
consists of particles called the solute mixed with a more abundant substances (usually water) called the solvant.
What can a solute be?
it can be a gas,solid, or liquid.
What are solutions defined by?
these properties:olute particles under 1mm, solute particles do not scatter light, will pass through more membranes, will not seperate on stnading.
What are collooids ?
They are in the body are often mixtures of protien and water.
What are the following: Acid, Base and pH?
Acid is a proton donor, Base is proton acceptor, pH is a measure derived from the molarity of H+.
What is the following: Energy, Potential Energy, and Kinetic Energy, Chemical Energy and Free Energy?
Energy is the capacity to do work, Potential Energy is energy stored in an object, but not currently doing work. Kinetic energy is energy of moretion,doing work. Chemical energy is potential energy in molecular bonds. Free energy is potential energy available in a system to do useful work.
Define calses of chemical reactions?
Chemical reactions-a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. Chemical equation is symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction. Synthesis reactions two or more small molecules combine to form a large one. Decomposition reaction large molecule break down into two more smaller ones. Exchange reactions are two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms.
Define Metabolism , catabolism and anabolism
Metabolism is all chemicals reactions of the body.
Catabolism is energy releasing decomposition reactions.
Anabolism energy storing synthesis reactions.
