Chapter 2

Question 1

What is Biochemistry?

Answer 1

The study of molecules that COMPOSE living organisms

Question 2

24 elements do what?

Answer 2

They have biological roles, 6 elements complete 98.5% of body weight.

Question 3

what are electrolytes?

Answer 3

mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function.

Question 4

What is the meaning of Nucleus, Protons, Neutrons and Electrons?

Answer 4

The Nucleus is the center of the atom.
Protons has a single positive charge
Neutrons have no cahrge.
Elctrons have a single negative charge.

Question 5

How many electrons are in the inner shell?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

What is chemistry all about?

Answer 6

All chemistry is about the moving of atoms

Question 7

When are atoms happiest?

Answer 7

When their outer shell is filled with neutrons.

Question 8

The # of what is the same ?

Answer 8

The number of protons are same as the number of electrons in atoms.

Question 9

What are valence electrons?

Answer 9

they orbit in the outermost shell and determine chemical bonding properties of an atom.

Question 10

What are ions exactly?

Answer 10

Charged particle (atom or molecule) with an unequal number of protons and electrons. Inozation is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Question 11

Define Anions, Cation, and electrolytes?

Answer 11

Anion- particle that gain electron(s) (negative charge)
Cation particle that loses electron(s) (positive charge)
Electrolytes- substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current.

Question 12

What are Molecules, Compounds, Molecular Formula, Structural Formula?

Answer 12

Molecules are chemical particle composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond.
Compounds are molecules composed of two or more different elements.
Molecular formulae are identified constituent elements and how many atoms of each are present.
Structural formula- identifies the location of each atom.

Question 13

What are chemical bonds?

Answer 13

It holds atoms together within a molecule or attracts one molecule to another.

Question 14

What are the most important bonds?

Answer 14

Ionic bonds,covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Walls forces.

Question 15

What are ionic bonds?

Answer 15

Attraction between anions and cations. electrons donated from one atom to another. Easily broken by water.

Question 16

What is a double covalent bond?

Answer 16

two pairs of electrons are shared

Question 17

What is a single covalent bond?

Answer 17

(very strong) one pair of electrons is shared.

Question 18

What are nonpolar bonds?

Answer 18

electrons shared equally which are the strongest bonds.

Question 19

What is a polar bond?

Answer 19

electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen)

Question 20

Define hydrogen bonds?

Answer 20

A week attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitroen atom in another.Water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds. ONLY SHARING PARTICALLY.

Question 21

What is the meaning and examples of mixtures?

Answer 21

Physically belended but not chemically combined.Body fluids are complex mixtures of chemicals. Most mixtures in out bodeis consist of chemical dissolved or susspended in waer. Water is 50% to 75% of body weight.

Question 22

Define Solvency in regards to water?

Answer 22

ability to dissolve other chemicals, what is called a universal solvent.

Question 23

What is Hydrophphillic and Hydrophobic?

Answer 23

Hydrophollic- substances that dissolve in water, molecules must be polarized or charged.
Hydrophobis- substances that do not dissolve in water, molecules no polar or nuetral.

Question 24

What do metablic reactions depend on?

Answer 24

Metabolic reactions depend on solvency of water.

Question 25

What happens to attaractions to water molecules?

Answer 25

overpower the ionic hond in NaCI. Water forms hydration sphers around each ion and dissolve them. Waters negative pole face Na+, its pocitive pole faces CI-

Question 26

What is adhesions and Cohesion?

Answer 26

Adhesion- tendency of one substances to cling to another. | Choseion- tendency of like molecules to cling to each other.

Question 27

What is chemical reactivity?

Answer 27

ability to participate in chemical reactions. Water ionizes many other cheicals.

Question 28

What defines waters thermal stability?

Answer 28

Waters thermal stability helps stabilize the internal tempature of the body. Water has high heat capactiy. It takes a lot to rise or drop heat.

Question 29

Hydrogen is a what?

Answer 29

hydrogen is proton, protons have concetration.

Question 30

What is a solution?

Answer 30

consists of particles called the solute mixed with a more abundant substances (usually water) called the solvant.

Question 31

What can a solute be?

Answer 31

it can be a gas,solid, or liquid.

Question 32

What are solutions defined by?

Answer 32

these properties:olute particles under 1mm, solute particles do not scatter light, will pass through more membranes, will not seperate on stnading.

Question 33

What are collooids ?

Answer 33

They are in the body are often mixtures of protien and water.

Question 34

What are the following: Acid, Base and pH?

Answer 34

Acid is a proton donor, Base is proton acceptor, pH is a measure derived from the molarity of H+.

Question 35

What is the following: Energy, Potential Energy, and Kinetic Energy, Chemical Energy and Free Energy?

Answer 35

Energy is the capacity to do work, Potential Energy is energy stored in an object, but not currently doing work. Kinetic energy is energy of moretion,doing work. Chemical energy is potential energy in molecular bonds. Free energy is potential energy available in a system to do useful work.

Question 36

Define calses of chemical reactions?

Answer 36

Chemical reactions-a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken. Chemical equation is symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction. Synthesis reactions two or more small molecules combine to form a large one. Decomposition reaction large molecule break down into two more smaller ones. Exchange reactions​ are two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms.

Question 37

Define Metabolism , catabolism and anabolism

Answer 37

Metabolism is all chemicals reactions of the body. Catabolism is energy releasing decomposition reactions. Anabolism energy storing synthesis reactions.