Second half of Chapter 5 Flashcards
Also connective tissue: Adipose tissue(fat)
Tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type. Space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue and blood capillaries.
Fat is the body’s primary energy reservoir. Fats are needed for lipids.
Two types of fat: white and brown
White fat is main type(only fat in adults) specimens resemble chicken wire. provides thermal insulation and such. Brown fat is in fetuses, infants and children.Subcutaneous fat and organ packing
Cartilage
Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix. Gives shape to ear, tip of nose and larynx. Perichondrium, sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage(not articular cartilage)
NO BLOOD VESSELS. Matrix rich in GAGS AND CONTAINS COLLAGEN FIBERS.
Hyaline cartilage
Eases joitn movement, holds airway open, movies vocal cords. Located in articular cartilage,costal cartiliage, trachea, larynx
Elastic cartilage
MADE OUT OF ELASTIN.
Fibrocartilage
Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fiber.
Bone: spongy bones
Porous appearance, delicate struts of bone:trabeculae(little plates,spaces) covered by compact bone.
Bone: Compact bone
Dense, calcified tissue with no visible spaces , more complex arrangments. It is arranged in cylinders. Surrounded by central Haversian or osteogenic canals.
Bone: Osteocytes
mature bone cells within lacunae.
Bone: Periosteum
Tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone. Allows you to heal bone.
Blood
Has fibers and goo but not a lot.Plasma, bloods ground substance. Erythrocytes- red blood cells. Leukocytes- white blood cells. Platelets- cell fragments involved in clotting.
Nervous and Muscular tissue: excitability
Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential. In nerve cells: changes in voltage, result in rapid transmission of signals to others.
In muscle cells:Changes in voltage results in contration.
Nervous tissue:Neuroglia
Nerve glue. protects and assists neurons.
Nervous tissue: neuron parts
Neuroma(houses nucleus, dendrites: multiple short branches receives and transmits. Axon(nerve fiber) sending signals to cells and can be more than a meter long.
Muscular tissue
Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissue and organs. Creates movements. Three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
Muscular tissue: skeletal muscle
made of muscle fiber, long thing ells. contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane. Striations: alternating dark and light bands. Voluntary: conscious control over skeletal muscles.
Muscular tissue:cardiac muscle
limited to the heart, are branched shorter than skeletal muscle fibers. contain one centrally located nucleus. intercalated discs join cardiocytes. Striated and involuntary(not under conscious control.
Muscular tissue:smooth muscle
Made if fusiform myocytes lacking striations. Involuntary functions. Most is visceral muscle, making up parts of walls of hollow organs.
Cell junctions
Connection between two cells, most cells are anchored to each other or their matrix. cells communicate with each other, resist mechanical stress and control what moves through the gaps between them.
Tight junctions
Linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell adhesion proteins,
Desmosome and hemidesmosomes
keeps cells from pulling apart-resist mechanical stress. hook like, j-shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton.
Hemidesmosomes- hale desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane.
Gap (communicating junctions)
formed by ring like connexons. One cell is communicating with the next, one cell to another.
Glands
cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body. Usually compose of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework. Secretionprosuct useful for the body. excretion- waste product.
Endocrine and exocrine glands
Exocrine glands- maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct.
Endocrine glands- have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood. Some organs have both endocrine and exocrine.
Endocrine and exocrine glands: unicellular glands
Found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory(one cell) can be exocrine or endocrine.
Exocrine gland structure: Capsule, Stroma and Parenchyma?
Capsule- connective tissue covering of exocrine gland. Septa or trabeculae.
Stroma- Connective tissue framework of the gland. supports and organizes glandular tissue.
Parenchyma- cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion. Does whatever the cell need it is that the cell does.
Types of secretion: serous glands, Mucous glands, mixed glands, cytogenic glands.
Serous glands- produce thin, watery secretion.
mucous glands- produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
Mixed glands- contain both serous and mucous cell types .
Cytogenic glands- Release whole cells(sperm and egg cells)
Modes of sectrion
sectrion modes- merocrine, apocrine and holocrine.
Merocrine secretion
Merocrine secretion used by eccrine glands, uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis.
Apocrine secretion
lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface. “nervous sweat”
Holocrine secretion
cell accumulate a product until they disintegrate.
