Second half of Chapter 5

Question 1

Also connective tissue: Adipose tissue(fat)

Answer 1

Tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type. Space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue and blood capillaries.
Fat is the body’s primary energy reservoir. Fats are needed for lipids.

Question 2

Two types of fat: white and brown

Answer 2

White fat is main type(only fat in adults) specimens resemble chicken wire. provides thermal insulation and such. Brown fat is in fetuses, infants and children.Subcutaneous fat and organ packing

Question 3

Cartilage

Answer 3

Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix. Gives shape to ear, tip of nose and larynx. Perichondrium, sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage(not articular cartilage)
NO BLOOD VESSELS. Matrix rich in GAGS AND CONTAINS COLLAGEN FIBERS.

Question 4

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 4

Eases joitn movement, holds airway open, movies vocal cords. Located in articular cartilage,costal cartiliage, trachea, larynx

Question 5

Elastic cartilage

Answer 5

MADE OUT OF ELASTIN.

Question 6

Fibrocartilage

Answer 6

Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fiber.

Question 7

Bone: spongy bones

Answer 7

Porous appearance, delicate struts of bone:trabeculae(little plates,spaces) covered by compact bone.

Question 8

Bone: Compact bone

Answer 8

Dense, calcified tissue with no visible spaces , more complex arrangments. It is arranged in cylinders. Surrounded by central Haversian or osteogenic canals.

Question 9

Bone: Osteocytes

Answer 9

mature bone cells within lacunae.

Question 10

Bone: Periosteum

Answer 10

Tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone. Allows you to heal bone.

Question 11

Blood

Answer 11

Has fibers and goo but not a lot.Plasma, bloods ground substance. Erythrocytes- red blood cells. Leukocytes- white blood cells. Platelets- cell fragments involved in clotting.

Question 12

Nervous and Muscular tissue: excitability

Answer 12

Ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential. In nerve cells: changes in voltage, result in rapid transmission of signals to others.
In muscle cells:Changes in voltage results in contration.

Question 13

Nervous tissue:Neuroglia

Answer 13

Nerve glue. protects and assists neurons.

Question 14

Nervous tissue: neuron parts

Answer 14

Neuroma(houses nucleus, dendrites: multiple short branches receives and transmits. Axon(nerve fiber) sending signals to cells and can be more than a meter long.

Question 15

Muscular tissue

Answer 15

Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissue and organs. Creates movements. Three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac and smooth.

Question 16

Muscular tissue: skeletal muscle

Answer 16

made of muscle fiber, long thing ells. contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane. Striations: alternating dark and light bands. Voluntary: conscious control over skeletal muscles.

Question 17

Muscular tissue:cardiac muscle

Answer 17

limited to the heart, are branched shorter than skeletal muscle fibers. contain one centrally located nucleus. intercalated discs join cardiocytes. Striated and involuntary(not under conscious control.

Question 18

Muscular tissue:smooth muscle

Answer 18

Made if fusiform myocytes lacking striations. Involuntary functions. Most is visceral muscle, making up parts of walls of hollow organs.

Question 19

Cell junctions

Answer 19

Connection between two cells, most cells are anchored to each other or their matrix. cells communicate with each other, resist mechanical stress and control what moves through the gaps between them.

Question 20

Tight junctions

Answer 20

Linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell adhesion proteins,

Question 21

Desmosome and hemidesmosomes

Answer 21

keeps cells from pulling apart-resist mechanical stress. hook like, j-shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton.
Hemidesmosomes- hale desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane.

Question 22

Gap (communicating junctions)

Answer 22

formed by ring like connexons. One cell is communicating with the next, one cell to another.

Question 23

Glands

Answer 23

cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body. Usually compose of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework. Secretionprosuct useful for the body. excretion- waste product.

Question 24

Endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 24

Exocrine glands- maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct.
Endocrine glands- have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood. Some organs have both endocrine and exocrine.

Question 25

Endocrine and exocrine glands: unicellular glands

Answer 25

Found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory(one cell) can be exocrine or endocrine.

Question 26

Exocrine gland structure: Capsule, Stroma and Parenchyma?

Answer 26

Capsule- connective tissue covering of exocrine gland. Septa or trabeculae.
Stroma- Connective tissue framework of the gland. supports and organizes glandular tissue.
Parenchyma- cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion. Does whatever the cell need it is that the cell does.

Question 27

Types of secretion: serous glands, Mucous glands, mixed glands, cytogenic glands.

Answer 27

Serous glands- produce thin, watery secretion.
mucous glands- produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
Mixed glands- contain both serous and mucous cell types .
Cytogenic glands- Release whole cells(sperm and egg cells)

Question 28

Modes of sectrion

Answer 28

sectrion modes- merocrine, apocrine and holocrine.

Question 29

Merocrine secretion

Answer 29

Merocrine secretion used by eccrine glands, uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis.

Question 30

Apocrine secretion

Answer 30

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface. “nervous sweat”

Question 31

Holocrine secretion

Answer 31

cell accumulate a product until they disintegrate.