First half of Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the names of Four Broad categories of tissues?

Answer 1

Epithelial tissues, connective tussues, nervous tissue, muscular tissues.

Question 2

What is Histology?

Answer 2

The study of tissues.

Question 3

How do the four broad categories differ?

Answer 3

Variations on the types of functions of their cells. Characteristics of the matrix. Relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix.

Question 4

Define Matrix?

Answer 4

It is compose of fibrous proteins, clear gel called ground substance.

Question 5

Three primary germ layers?

Answer 5

Ectoderm(outer) -gives rise to epidermis and nervous system.
Endoterm (inner) -gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and other things
Mesoderm(middle)- becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme

Question 6

What is the problem with inspecting tissue?

Answer 6

It depends on how you slice it. longitudinal, cross-sectional and oblique. Meaning axis, cross section, cross and longitudinal.

Question 7

What are Epithelial Tissue?

Answer 7

Epithelial are sheets of closely adhering cells, on or more cells . Mostly cell, very little matrix. Skin lining of the mouth intestines etc. All epithetical tissue. lining or covering. Protects and excretes waste.

Question 8

Basement membrane

Answer 8

Layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

Question 9

What is basal surface and apical surface?

Answer 9

Basal surface is surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane.
Apical surface is surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane.

Question 10

What is simple epithelia ?

Answer 10

Contains one layer of cells, named by the shape, ALL CELLS touch basement membrane.

Question 11

What is stratified epithelia ?

Answer 11

Contain more than one layer named by the apical cells, some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane. (like building with bricks)

Question 12

What are four types of epithelia with only one layer of cells.

Answer 12

Simple squamous(thin and scaly)
Simple cuboidal(square and round cell)
Simple columnar(tall, narrow cell)
Pseudostratified columnar(falsely appears stratified,Every cell reaches the basement membrane.

Question 13

Goblet cells?

Answer 13

Wineglass shaped, mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia.

Question 14

Simple Epithelia: Simple squamous

Answer 14

Simple squamous: Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes serous fluid because they are thin. Connective tissues is always below basement tissue

Question 15

Simple Epithelia: Simple cuboidal

Answer 15

Simple cuboidal:Single layer of square or round cells. Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement.

Question 16

Simple Epithelia: simple columnar

Answer 16

Simple columnar: Single row of tall narrow cells. Oval nuclei in basal half of cell. Brush border of microvilli, always on apical surface the basal border on opposite side.

Question 17

What is pseudostratified epitheluim?

Answer 17

Looks multilayered but all cells touch basement membrane, nucliei at several layers, has cilia and goblet cells, secretes and propels mucus.

Question 18

What is three stratified epithelia are names for the shapes of their apical surface celled

Answer 18

Stratified squamous, stratified cubodal and stratified columnar (rare), Transitional epitheluim.

Question 19

Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia

Answer 19

Keratinized gound on skin surface, abrasion resistant.

Nonkeratnized- lacks surface layer of dead cells.

Question 20

Stratified epithelia:Keratinized stratified squamous

Answer 20

Multiple cell layers, cells become flat and scaly toward surface, resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists perntration by organims

Question 21

Stratified epithelia: nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Answer 21

Same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells, resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens. Location most memorable:vagina.

Question 22

Stratified epithelia:stratified cuboidal

Answer 22

Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round. Secretes sweat; produces ovarian hormones.

Question 23

Stratified epithelia:transitional

Answer 23

Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretch. Allows for filling of urinary tract. Ureter meaning kidney to bladder.

Question 24

Connective tissue: overview

Answer 24

All tissues are made up of cells, fibers and goo. Connective tissue- a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy, LESS SPACE THAN MATRIX. It supports,connects and protects organs. High variable vascularity- loose connective tissues have many blood vessels, cartilage has few or no blood vessels

Question 25

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 25

Binding organs. tendons and ligaments, support via bones and cartilage. Physical protection with cranium, ribs and sternum, immune protection with white blood cells attack foreign invaders. Movement via the bones. Storage with fat, calcium and phosphorus. Heat via metabolism of brown fat in infants. transport for the blood.

Question 26

What are Fibroblsts

Answer 26

They produce fibers and ground substances of matrix.

Question 27

Fibrous connective tissue continued

Answer 27

(grasp the concept) macrophages, Sense foreign matter. Leukocytes or WHITE BLOOD CELLS, Neutrophils is the part that attacks bacteria and lymphocytes react against foreign agents.
Plasma cells- synthesize antibodies.
Mast cells, secretes heparin for clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels.
Adipocytes store triglycerides.

Question 28

Fibrous connective tissue: collagenous fibers

Answer 28

Collagan is most abundant of the body’s protiens, tough, flexible. Tendons ligaments and deep layers of skin are mostly made of collagen.

Question 29

Fibrous connective tissue: elastic fibers

Answer 29

Made of protein called elastin, allows stretch and recoil.

Question 30

Fibrous connective tissue: glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

Answer 30

GAGS: long polysaccharide composed of amino sugars and uronic acid(disaccharides.

Question 31

Fibrous connective tissue: proteoglycans

Answer 31

Gigantic molecules, (core proteins plus GAGS) shape like bottle shushes

Question 32

Fibruous connective tissue, chondroitin sulfate

Answer 32

Most abundant GAG responsible;e for stiffness of cartilage

Question 33

Fibrous connective tissue: adhesive glycoproteins

Answer 33

protein-carbohydrates complexes, bind components of a tissue together.

Question 34

Types of fibrous connective tissue: loose and dense connective tissue.

Answer 34

Loose: much gel-like ground substance between cells.
Dense: fibers fill spaces between cells, types vary in fiber orientation.

Question 35

Types of fibrous connective tissue: Nearly every epithelium?

Answer 35

rests on a layer of areolar tissue.

Also, fibers run in random directions mostly collagenous but elastic and reticular also present.

Question 36

Types of fibrous connective tissue:Areolar tissue

Answer 36

Loosely organize fibers, abundant blood vessels. Underlies epithelia, in serious membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels.

Question 37

Types of fibrous connective tissue: Dense regular connective tissue

Answer 37

Densley packed parallel collagen fibers. Elastic tissue involved, in the forming. organized tissue in a sense. Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments holds bone together.

Question 38

Types of fibrous connective tissue: Dense irregular conncetive tissue

Answer 38

Densley packs, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible vessels. Located deep layers of the skin.