First half of Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are the names of Four Broad categories of tissues?
Epithelial tissues, connective tussues, nervous tissue, muscular tissues.
What is Histology?
The study of tissues.
How do the four broad categories differ?
Variations on the types of functions of their cells. Characteristics of the matrix. Relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix.
Define Matrix?
It is compose of fibrous proteins, clear gel called ground substance.
Three primary germ layers?
Ectoderm(outer) -gives rise to epidermis and nervous system.
Endoterm (inner) -gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and other things
Mesoderm(middle)- becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme
What is the problem with inspecting tissue?
It depends on how you slice it. longitudinal, cross-sectional and oblique. Meaning axis, cross section, cross and longitudinal.
What are Epithelial Tissue?
Epithelial are sheets of closely adhering cells, on or more cells . Mostly cell, very little matrix. Skin lining of the mouth intestines etc. All epithetical tissue. lining or covering. Protects and excretes waste.
Basement membrane
Layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
What is basal surface and apical surface?
Basal surface is surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane.
Apical surface is surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane.
What is simple epithelia ?
Contains one layer of cells, named by the shape, ALL CELLS touch basement membrane.
What is stratified epithelia ?
Contain more than one layer named by the apical cells, some cells rest on top of others and do not touch basement membrane. (like building with bricks)
What are four types of epithelia with only one layer of cells.
Simple squamous(thin and scaly) Simple cuboidal(square and round cell) Simple columnar(tall, narrow cell) Pseudostratified columnar(falsely appears stratified,Every cell reaches the basement membrane.
Goblet cells?
Wineglass shaped, mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia.
Simple Epithelia: Simple squamous
Simple squamous: Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes serous fluid because they are thin. Connective tissues is always below basement tissue
Simple Epithelia: Simple cuboidal
Simple cuboidal:Single layer of square or round cells. Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement.
Simple Epithelia: simple columnar
Simple columnar: Single row of tall narrow cells. Oval nuclei in basal half of cell. Brush border of microvilli, always on apical surface the basal border on opposite side.
What is pseudostratified epitheluim?
Looks multilayered but all cells touch basement membrane, nucliei at several layers, has cilia and goblet cells, secretes and propels mucus.
What is three stratified epithelia are names for the shapes of their apical surface celled
Stratified squamous, stratified cubodal and stratified columnar (rare), Transitional epitheluim.
Two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia
Keratinized gound on skin surface, abrasion resistant.
Nonkeratnized- lacks surface layer of dead cells.
Stratified epithelia:Keratinized stratified squamous
Multiple cell layers, cells become flat and scaly toward surface, resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists perntration by organims
Stratified epithelia: nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells, resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens. Location most memorable:vagina.
Stratified epithelia:stratified cuboidal
Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round. Secretes sweat; produces ovarian hormones.
Stratified epithelia:transitional
Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretch. Allows for filling of urinary tract. Ureter meaning kidney to bladder.
Connective tissue: overview
All tissues are made up of cells, fibers and goo. Connective tissue- a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy, LESS SPACE THAN MATRIX. It supports,connects and protects organs. High variable vascularity- loose connective tissues have many blood vessels, cartilage has few or no blood vessels
Functions of connective tissue
Binding organs. tendons and ligaments, support via bones and cartilage. Physical protection with cranium, ribs and sternum, immune protection with white blood cells attack foreign invaders. Movement via the bones. Storage with fat, calcium and phosphorus. Heat via metabolism of brown fat in infants. transport for the blood.
What are Fibroblsts
They produce fibers and ground substances of matrix.
Fibrous connective tissue continued
(grasp the concept) macrophages, Sense foreign matter. Leukocytes or WHITE BLOOD CELLS, Neutrophils is the part that attacks bacteria and lymphocytes react against foreign agents.
Plasma cells- synthesize antibodies.
Mast cells, secretes heparin for clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels.
Adipocytes store triglycerides.
Fibrous connective tissue: collagenous fibers
Collagan is most abundant of the body’s protiens, tough, flexible. Tendons ligaments and deep layers of skin are mostly made of collagen.
Fibrous connective tissue: elastic fibers
Made of protein called elastin, allows stretch and recoil.
Fibrous connective tissue: glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
GAGS: long polysaccharide composed of amino sugars and uronic acid(disaccharides.
Fibrous connective tissue: proteoglycans
Gigantic molecules, (core proteins plus GAGS) shape like bottle shushes
Fibruous connective tissue, chondroitin sulfate
Most abundant GAG responsible;e for stiffness of cartilage
Fibrous connective tissue: adhesive glycoproteins
protein-carbohydrates complexes, bind components of a tissue together.
Types of fibrous connective tissue: loose and dense connective tissue.
Loose: much gel-like ground substance between cells.
Dense: fibers fill spaces between cells, types vary in fiber orientation.
Types of fibrous connective tissue: Nearly every epithelium?
rests on a layer of areolar tissue.
Also, fibers run in random directions mostly collagenous but elastic and reticular also present.
Types of fibrous connective tissue:Areolar tissue
Loosely organize fibers, abundant blood vessels. Underlies epithelia, in serious membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels.
Types of fibrous connective tissue: Dense regular connective tissue
Densley packed parallel collagen fibers. Elastic tissue involved, in the forming. organized tissue in a sense. Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments holds bone together.
Types of fibrous connective tissue: Dense irregular conncetive tissue
Densley packs, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible vessels. Located deep layers of the skin.
