SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Flashcards
He proposed the theory of
relativity.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
He proposed natural selection
as an explanation of evolution,
published in “On the Origin of
Species” in 1859.
CHARLES DARWIN
His theory of genetics stated
the pattern of inheritance
using a pea plant
GREGOR MENDEL
developed the Mendelian
Principles of Heredity.
GREGOR MENDEL
Known as the father of
microbiology
LOUIS PASTEUR
he pioneered
pasteurization & proposed the
germ theory of disease
LOUIS PASTEUR
He also developed a vaccine for rabies and disproved
spontaneous generation theory.
LOUIS PASTEUR
He stated that the survival of a
given species was thus related to its ability to adapt to its
environment through
mutations.
HUGO DE VRIES
They succeeded in 1778 in
perfecting the steam
engine, which incorporated a
series of radical
improvements.
JAMES WATT & MATTHEW BOULTO
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES DURING THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
MICROSCOPE
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
MODERN MEDICINE
ASTRONOMY
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
WATT STEAM ENGINE
- Used as tracers in
complicated chemical and
biochemical reactions & was
also applied in geological
dating.
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
MICROSCOPE
* Introduced by the
Janssen team
this paved way for the establishment of the cell theory and study of minute
things
MICROSCOPE
- This led to the rapid growth of the field of molecular biology, with resulted with the
fundamental discovery of the
structure of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA), the molecule
carrying the genetic code.
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
- Profited with new methods
of treatment from
penicillin, insulin, and
other drugs to pacemakers
and implantation of
artificial or donated
organs.
MODERN MEDICINE
The space age began with
the launch of the first
artificial satellites in
1957
A human first went to
space in
1961
Larger telescopes led to the
discovery of the _________,
one of the many galaxies in the vast Universe.
Milky Way
- Notable results include the
field of radio astronomy,
studies of quasars, pulsars,
and other unusual objects,
and detection of relatively
complex organic molecules
floating in space.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
- Born in the early 20th
century, this has greatly
advanced (e.g. computers)
ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
The ___________has
become one of the key tools of
the modern industry. Other
developments include new
communication devices (radio TV laser
electronic computer
WATT STEAM ENGINE
* Made of iron and fuelled
primarily by
coal
became widely used in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution.
WATT STEAM ENGINE
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IMPORTANT
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
METALLURGY
MACHINE TOOLS
- The replacement of wood
and other bio-fuels with
coal was a major change in
this period. Coal required
less labor to mine, and was
more abundant.
METALLURGY
- There was a demand for
metal parts used in
machinery, which led to the
development of several
machine tools used for
cutting parts
MACHINE TOOLS
The large scale production of chemicals such as
sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process was
invented by this Englishman.
JOHN ROEBUCK
- In 1791, he introduced a method for the production of sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonates is very useful in glass, textile, soap,
and paper industries.
NICOLAS LEBLANC
- In 1824, _____________-
patented a chemical
process for making
cement which was an
important advance in
building trades.
Joseph Aspdin
The process involves
sintering a mix of clay
& limestone at 1400
degrees Celcius & grinding it to fine powder.
cement
GAS LIGHTING
* The large-scale introduction
of this was the work of
______________
William Murdoch
The process consisted of the
large-scale gasification of
coal in furnaces, purification of gas, storage
and distribution.
GAS LIGHTING
GLASS MAKING
* A new method, the
_____________, was
developed in Europe during
the early 19th century. This
advancement allowed for
larger panes of glass
created without interruption.
cylinder process
PAPER MACHINE
* A machine for making
continuous sheets of paper on
a loop of wire fabric was
patented in 1798 by ___________
Nicholas Louis Robert
AGRICULTURE
* Advancements in this
include the
seed drill, the
Dutch plough, and the
threshing machine
TRANSPORTATION
* Modes of transportation
went from wagons to
automobiles and the ___________________________________ that take men to
space.
early airplane to modern
supersonic jet and giant
rockets
FOOD & NUTRITION
* Food supply _________ while
prices _____ due to better
agricultural practices.
increased/ fell
- Living conditions varied
from splendour for factory
owners to squalor for workers.
There were also a new
middle class of
professionals, such as
lawyers and doctors.
HOUSING
CLOTHING AND CONSUMER GOODS
* Consumers benefitted from
falling prices for clothing and
household articles such as
cast iron cooking utensils, and
soon after, stoves.
