LESSON 14 - MEDICAL ETHICS

Question 1

is referred to a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research.

Answer 1

Medical ethics

Question 2

It also allows for people, regardless of race, gender, or religion to be guaranteed quality and principled care. This applies to both the living and nonliving, such as medical research on cadavers.

Answer 2

Medical ethics

Question 3

Medical ethics: It is also known as ___________ or _________ applied to the fields of medicine and healthcare.

Answer 3

health care ethics or as biomedical ethics

Question 4

The term medical ethics first dates back to 1803

Answer 4

Thomas Percival

Question 5

English author and physician _____________ published a document describing the requirements and expectations of medical professionals within medical professionals within medical facilities.

Answer 5

Thomas Percival

Question 6

The Code of Ethics was then adopted in ______, relying heavily on Percival’s words.

Answer 6

1847

Question 7

Discusses basic principles for medical professionals.

Answer 7

Hippocratic Oath

Question 8

Hippocratic Oath: This document dates back to the ____ century BC.

Answer 8

15th

Question 9

The Declaration of Helsinki (_____)

Answer 9

1964

Question 10

The Nuremberg Code (_____)

Answer 10

1947

Question 11

The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and The Nuremberg Code (1947)

Answer 11

Two well-known and well-respected documents contributing to medical ethics.

Question 12

Other important markings in the history of Medical Ethics include __________ in 1973 and the development of Hemodialysis in the 1960s.

Answer 12

Roe V. Wade

Question 13

Historically, _______ medical ethics may be traced to guidelines on the duty of physicians in antiquity, such as the Hippocratic Oath, and early Christian teachings.

Answer 13

Western

Question 14

The first code of medical ethics, ____________________, was published in the 5th century, during the reign of the Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great.

Answer 14

Formula Comitis Archiatrorum

Question 15

In the medieval and early modern period, the field is indebted to Islamic scholarships such as

Answer 15

Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi

Question 16

wrote the Conduct of a Physician, the first book dedicated to medical ethics

Answer 16

Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi

Question 17

Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi

Answer 17

Rhazes in the West

Question 18

Jewish thinkers such as

Answer 18

Maimonides

Question 19

Roman Catholic scholastic thinkers such as

Answer 19

Thomas Aquinas

Question 20

a physician and author, crafted the first modern code of medical ethics.

Answer 20

Thomas Percival

Question 21

Thomas Percival drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1974 and wrote an expanded version in 1803, in which he coined expressions “_________” and “____________”.

Answer 21

medical ethics/ medical jurisprudence

Question 22

critique who considers Percival’s codes of physician consultations as being an early example of the anti-competitive, “guild”-like nature of the physician community.

Answer 22

Jeffrey Berlant

Question 23

In 1815, the _______________ was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Answer 23

Apothecaries Act

Question 24

It introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for the apothecaries of the day under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. This was the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in the UK.

Answer 24

Apothecaries Act

Question 25

MEDICAL ETHICS DOCTRINES

Answer 25

Autonomy
Non-maleficence
Beneficence
Justice

Question 26

refers to the rights of an individual to self-determination in a way that the patient has the right to refuse or even to choose their treatment.

Answer 26

Autonomy

Question 27

This is to respect the individual’s ability to decide about his or her personal matters freely and to indicate that a person is in a healthy mind and body.

Answer 27

Autonomy

Question 28

For instance, in a case of a progression of many terminal diseases such as dementia, the person will be characterized by loss of autonomy in various manners to make self-determination. This terminal disease attacks the brain and affects the ability to make judgments, then eventually can induce memory loss and cause a decrease in rational thinking. A Registered Clinical Psychologist and a Registered Medical Doctor Psychiatrist may be involved to support the decision.

Answer 28

Autonomy

Question 29

refers to the phrase, “first, do not harm.”

Answer 29

Non-maleficence

Question 30

Many practitioners in the medical field consider that this principle should be the primary consideration not to harm your patient, than to do them good.

Answer 30

Non-maleficence

Question 31

As always in the saying “The treatment was successful, but the patient died.” In real clinical practice there are many treatments that carry some risks of harm.

Answer 31

Non-maleficence

Question 32

For instance, some passionate medical practitioners are prone to using treatments that they believe will do well without having a strict evaluation to ensure they do no harm to the patients. The physician should go no further to prescribe medications that they know to be harmful unless she or he knows that the medication is unknown to be harmful, at the very least.

Answer 32

Non-maleficence

Question 33

The physician should explain thoroughly the medications he or she prescribes and also that the patient understands the risk and benefits.

Answer 33

Non-maleficence

Question 34

refers to actions that promote the well-being of others and serve to the best interest of patients and their families.

Answer 34

Beneficence

Question 35

For instance, the practitioner should act to the best of his knowledge and capability to serve to the best interest of his or her patient.

Answer 35

Beneficence

Question 36

Some scholars in the field of Medicine argue about this principle that this is the only fundamental principle of medical ethics and also argue that healing should be the only purpose of medicine. Because of this, actions like euthanasia and other invasive procedures are severely ethical.

Answer 36

Beneficence

Question 37

Take active steps to promote and benefit the welfare of the client, client’s support system, and, when appropriate, others.

Answer 37

Duty of Beneficence

Question 38

Treat the client and client’s support system fairly and without any malice, bias, or prejudice.

Answer 38

Duty of Justice

Question 39

refers to the equality and fairness in treating the patient.

Answer 39

Justice

Question 40

For instance, the practitioner should always treat his or her patient in independence and in honest conscience in providing healthcare, deciding fairly of who gets what treatment regardless of the status of the patient in life, whether belonging to a highly privileged or the least privileged.

Answer 40

Justice

Question 41

refers to every sick person having the right to be treated with pride and dignity.

Answer 41

Respect for persons

Question 42

For instance, all of us as human beings, whether in the medical setting or not, a patient and his family, and the person treating the patient which may or may not be the doctor, has the right to be treated in full honesty at all times.

Answer 42

Respect for persons

Question 43

refers to 2 types of principles but which produce a single action

Answer 43

Double effect

Question 44

It is regarded as the combined effect of beneficence and non-maleficence.

Answer 44

Double effect

Question 45

For instance, a common example of this is when a physician orders morphine or any other analgesic for his or her patient. The medication can have a beneficial effect in alleviating the pain while at the same time produces the effect of difficulty in breathing through the deactivation of the respiratory system.

Answer 45

Double effect