LESSON 14 - MEDICAL ETHICS Flashcards
is referred to a system of moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research.
Medical ethics
It also allows for people, regardless of race, gender, or religion to be guaranteed quality and principled care. This applies to both the living and nonliving, such as medical research on cadavers.
Medical ethics
Medical ethics: It is also known as ___________ or _________ applied to the fields of medicine and healthcare.
health care ethics or as biomedical ethics
The term medical ethics first dates back to 1803
Thomas Percival
English author and physician _____________ published a document describing the requirements and expectations of medical professionals within medical professionals within medical facilities.
Thomas Percival
The Code of Ethics was then adopted in ______, relying heavily on Percival’s words.
1847
Discusses basic principles for medical professionals.
Hippocratic Oath
Hippocratic Oath: This document dates back to the ____ century BC.
15th
The Declaration of Helsinki (_____)
1964
The Nuremberg Code (_____)
1947
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and The Nuremberg Code (1947)
Two well-known and well-respected documents contributing to medical ethics.
Other important markings in the history of Medical Ethics include __________ in 1973 and the development of Hemodialysis in the 1960s.
Roe V. Wade
Historically, _______ medical ethics may be traced to guidelines on the duty of physicians in antiquity, such as the Hippocratic Oath, and early Christian teachings.
Western
The first code of medical ethics, ____________________, was published in the 5th century, during the reign of the Ostrogothic King Theodoric the Great.
Formula Comitis Archiatrorum
In the medieval and early modern period, the field is indebted to Islamic scholarships such as
Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi
wrote the Conduct of a Physician, the first book dedicated to medical ethics
Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi
Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine and Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi
Rhazes in the West
Jewish thinkers such as
Maimonides
Roman Catholic scholastic thinkers such as
Thomas Aquinas
a physician and author, crafted the first modern code of medical ethics.
Thomas Percival
Thomas Percival drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1974 and wrote an expanded version in 1803, in which he coined expressions “_________” and “____________”.
medical ethics/ medical jurisprudence
critique who considers Percival’s codes of physician consultations as being an early example of the anti-competitive, “guild”-like nature of the physician community.
Jeffrey Berlant
In 1815, the _______________ was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Apothecaries Act
It introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for the apothecaries of the day under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. This was the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in the UK.
Apothecaries Act
MEDICAL ETHICS DOCTRINES
Autonomy
Non-maleficence
Beneficence
Justice
refers to the rights of an individual to self-determination in a way that the patient has the right to refuse or even to choose their treatment.
Autonomy
This is to respect the individual’s ability to decide about his or her personal matters freely and to indicate that a person is in a healthy mind and body.
Autonomy
For instance, in a case of a progression of many terminal diseases such as dementia, the person will be characterized by loss of autonomy in various manners to make self-determination. This terminal disease attacks the brain and affects the ability to make judgments, then eventually can induce memory loss and cause a decrease in rational thinking. A Registered Clinical Psychologist and a Registered Medical Doctor Psychiatrist may be involved to support the decision.
Autonomy
refers to the phrase, “first, do not harm.”
Non-maleficence
Many practitioners in the medical field consider that this principle should be the primary consideration not to harm your patient, than to do them good.
Non-maleficence
As always in the saying “The treatment was successful, but the patient died.” In real clinical practice there are many treatments that carry some risks of harm.
Non-maleficence
For instance, some passionate medical practitioners are prone to using treatments that they believe will do well without having a strict evaluation to ensure they do no harm to the patients. The physician should go no further to prescribe medications that they know to be harmful unless she or he knows that the medication is unknown to be harmful, at the very least.
Non-maleficence
The physician should explain thoroughly the medications he or she prescribes and also that the patient understands the risk and benefits.
Non-maleficence
refers to actions that promote the well-being of others and serve to the best interest of patients and their families.
Beneficence
For instance, the practitioner should act to the best of his knowledge and capability to serve to the best interest of his or her patient.
Beneficence
Some scholars in the field of Medicine argue about this principle that this is the only fundamental principle of medical ethics and also argue that healing should be the only purpose of medicine. Because of this, actions like euthanasia and other invasive procedures are severely ethical.
Beneficence
Take active steps to promote and benefit the welfare of the client, client’s support system, and, when appropriate, others.
Duty of Beneficence
Treat the client and client’s support system fairly and without any malice, bias, or prejudice.
Duty of Justice
refers to the equality and fairness in treating the patient.
Justice
For instance, the practitioner should always treat his or her patient in independence and in honest conscience in providing healthcare, deciding fairly of who gets what treatment regardless of the status of the patient in life, whether belonging to a highly privileged or the least privileged.
Justice
refers to every sick person having the right to be treated with pride and dignity.
Respect for persons
For instance, all of us as human beings, whether in the medical setting or not, a patient and his family, and the person treating the patient which may or may not be the doctor, has the right to be treated in full honesty at all times.
Respect for persons
refers to 2 types of principles but which produce a single action
Double effect
It is regarded as the combined effect of beneficence and non-maleficence.
Double effect
For instance, a common example of this is when a physician orders morphine or any other analgesic for his or her patient. The medication can have a beneficial effect in alleviating the pain while at the same time produces the effect of difficulty in breathing through the deactivation of the respiratory system.
Double effect
