SCIENCE m5 Flashcards
4 MAIN DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
BIRTH
DEATH
IMMIGRATION
EMIGRATION
BIRTH + IMMIGRATION
INCREASES IN POPULATION
DEATH + EMIGRATION
DECREASES IN POPULATION
3 POPULATION VISUALIZATION TOOLS
LIFE TABLES
SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
AGE STRUCTURE
Records of birth and death at different LIFE STAGES
LIFE TABLES
Graph showing fraction surviving from ONE AGE TO NEXT
SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
A “GROUFIE” of a population by age and sex at a specific time.
AGE STRUCTURE
- Ecologists use models to DESCRIBE and PREDICT changes in population size over time.
- Purpose: To quantify and project population dynamics, especially in humans.
POPULATION GROWTH
- Growth in an unlimited environment
- No environmental resistance factors (e.g. food, disease, predators)
- Produces a J-shaped curve
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH MODEL
- Growth in a limited environment
- Population growth slows as resources become scarce
- Stops at the carrying capacity
- Carrying capacity: Maximum number the environment can support
- Produces an S-shaped curve
LOGISTIC GROWTH MODEL
Environmental CHECKS affect population by altering birth and death rates
POPULATION REGULATION
2 LIMITING FACTORS
DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACTORS
DENSITY-INDEPENDENT FACTORS
Biotic factors:
- Disease
- Competition
- Predation
Effect ______ with INCREASED POPULATION SIZE
DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACTORS
INTENSIFIES
Abiotic factors:
- Temperature
- Weather
- Light intensity
Effect is ______, REGARDLESS of population size
DENSITY-INDEPENDENT FACTORS
CONSTANT
SUPPLEMENTARY.
A mode of a Human Life Course
Range of:
Sexual Maturity: _______
Reproduction Begins: ______
Permanent Sterility Females: ______
~End Male reproduction: _______
Death: ______
Sexual Maturity: 10-20
Reproduction Begins: 20-30
Permanent Sterility Females: 40-50
~End Male reproduction: 60-70
Death: 80-90
SUPPLEMENTARY
- Late Loss
- High Survivorship throughout life
- Majority reaches Maturity
- Typical of k selected species
- ANNUAL PLANTS, Elephants, Humans
TYPE 1 / CONVEX CURVE
SUPPLEMENTARY
- Constant Loss
- Independent of Age
- PERENNIAL PLANTS, ABIRDS, RODENTS, HYDRA
TYPE 2 / DIAGONAL CURVE
SUPPLEMENTARY
- Early Loss
- Low mortality after maturity
- Typical of r-selected species
- OYSTERS, SMALL FISHES, TREES
TYPE 3 / CONCAVE CURVE
AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS 4 IMPLICATIONS
RAPID GROWTH
SLOW GROWTH
STABLE
DECLINING
Fertility rate by country 2023
Ethopia - no. _____ = ______
27 = 3.92
Fertility rate by country 2023
Philippines - no. _____ = ______
58 = 2.77
Fertility rate by country 2023
New Zealand - no. _____ = ______
132 = 1.86
Fertility rate by country 2023
USA - no. _____ = ______
134 = 1.84
Fertility rate by country 2023
China - no. _____ = ______
206 = 1.45
