BIO 150 LEC Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
- Focuses on the study of individuals and species and their RELATIONSHIP with their ENVIRONMENT
- SMALLEST FOCUS UNIT OF ECOLOGY
A
Organismal Ecology
2
Q
Organismal Ecology Address two fundamental questions:
o How does a species or organism _________ in this environment?
o How does the environment _______ that species or organism?
A
FUNCTION ; INFLUENCE
3
Q
the INDIVIDUAL and how it relates to the environment; emphasizes life HISTORY and BEHAVIOR as an ADAPTATION to the environment
A
Autecology
4
Q
GROUPS of organisms and their relation to the environment (community, and ecosystem
ecology); considers “THE PICTURE AS A WHOLE”
A
Synecology
5
Q
On the study of INTERRELATIOSHIPS…
A
AUTECOLOGY & SYNECOLOGY
6
Q
In Ecology, organisms are classified as:
A
- Unitary
- Modular
7
Q
IN UNITARY ORGANISMS:
- ______ form
- CONTINUOUS and ______ _____ of growth and development
- highly _______
- governed by ______ makeup;
A
DETERMINATE
PREDICTABLE PATTERN
MOBILE
GENETIC
8
Q
UNITARY ORGANISMS ARE GENETICALLY UNIQUE:
_______: product of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, can produce FRUIT
_______: CLONES; genetically similar (e.g. grass)
A
GENET
RAMETS
9
Q
ADAPTATION depending on PIGMENT in response to environmental variation
A
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY
10
Q
IN MODULAR ORGANISMS:
- ________ form
- ________ ________ of growth and
development - _________ or hardly mobile
- highly ________ by the ENVIRONMENT
A
INDETERMINATE
UNPREDICTABLE PATTERN
SEDENTARY
INFLUENCED
11
Q
Each individual organism belongs to a _______.
a group of actually or potentially INTERBREEDING individuals that are REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED from other individuals
A
SPECIES
12
Q
QUALIFICATIONS OF A SPECIES
A
- Can reproduce FERTILE OFFSPRINGS
- Capable of INTERBREEDING
13
Q
“The _______ of any organism consists, in the final analysis, of everything in the universe EXTERNAL TO THE ORGANISM.”
A
ENVIRONMENT
14
Q
2 ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIFICATIONS
______ = non-living
_______ = living
A
ABIOTIC ; BIOTIC
15
Q
Two types of ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
A
RESOURCE
CONDITION
16
Q
- All things CONSUMED or used up by an organism, making it less available for others
- Organisms may COMPETE for _____
- E.g. light, CO2, O2, space, water, mineral nutrients, other organisms as food
A
RESOURCE
17
Q
- Environmental factors that INFLUENCE the FUNCTIONING of living organisms
- May be ALTERED but not consumed
- E.g. temp, RH, pH, salinity, concentration of pollutants
A
CONDITION
18
Q
One is not entirely EXCLUSIVE of the other. An environmental factor may be both a condition and a
resource depending on the situation and the context.
Example: ______
A
LIGHT in plants
Resource: Light absorption
Condition: Light intensity
19
Q
______ FACTORS may also be conditions (e.g. a predator is
a condition for the prey as much as a competitor is a condition for the other)
A
BIOTIC
20
Q
- Actual place where an organism lives
- “Address” of an organism
A
HABITAT
21
Q
- Not a place but an idea
- Defines the CONDITIONS and RESOURCE an organism needs in order to practice its WAY OF LIFE
- Way of life = FUNCTIONAL ROLE
- n-dimensional hypervolume
A
NICHE
22
Q
the word “niche” was coined by:
A
- G. E. Hutchinson 1957
23
Q
2 types of niche:
A
- Fundamental vs. realized niche
24
Q
- Overall conditions under which a species might live DISREGARDING CONTROL FACTORS
- is the ENTIRE SET OF CONDITIONS under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself.
A
Fundamental niche
25
- Actual niche as AFFECTED BY BIOTIC FACTORS/INTERACTIONS
- is the set of CONDITIONS actually USED by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.
Realized niche
26
- MULTIDIMENSIONAL based of factors affected
- (1D, 2D, 3D)
Hutchinsonian niche
27
* study of the INTERACTIONS of
ORGANISMS with their ENVIRONMENT
ECOLOGY
28
The Biology “layer cake”
BASIC DIVISIONS "layers"
MORPHOLOGY - forms/structure
PHYSIOLOGY - function
GENETICS - heredity
ECOLOGY -
ET CETERA -
29
The Biology “layer cake”
TAXONOMIC DIVISIONS “slices”
OBMEB
ORNITHOLOGY - birds
BACTERIOLOGY - bacteria
MYCOLOGY - fungi
ENTOMOLOGY - insects
BRYOLOGY - mosses & liverworts
30
SUBDIVISIONS of Ecology
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
TAXONOMIC "SLICES"
BASIC "LAYERS"
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Level of Organization
OPCEL
* Organismal Ecology
* Population Ecology
* Community Ecology
* Ecosystem Ecology
* Landscape Ecology
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Taxonomic “Slices”
* Microbial Ecology
* Plant Ecology
* Animal Ecology
33
Basic “Layers”
* Behavioral Ecology
* Genetic Ecology
* Physiological Ecology
* Systems Ecology
34
Sciences allied to Ecology
NATURAL HISTORY
ENVI SCI
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SCI
35
– Can be CLASSIFIED according to their FUNCTIONAL ROLE in the ecosystem (reflecting
feeding relationships)
- all living organism found in the environment
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
36
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS
- based on food procurement via ENERGY SOURCE
- based on food procurement and FEEDING HABIT
37
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS. based on food procurement via ENERGY SOURCE.
1. AUTOTROPHS
i. Photoautotroph
ii. chemoautotrophs
2. HETEROTROPHS
i. ingestive
ii. absorptive
38
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS. based on food procurement via ENERGY SOURCE.
______ = SELF FEEDING
AUTOTROPHS
39
energy for making food is obtained from RADIANT ENERGY ; process of making food is called _________
PHOTOAUTOTROPH ; PHOTOSYNTHESIS
40
energy for making food is obtained from OXIDATION of INORGANIC CHEMICALS;
process of making food is called _________
(e.g. IRON-REDUCING BACTERIA can cause the water to have a metallic sheen, can create slimy coatings that appear yellow, brown, red, and or black, and can produce a brown foam in the water.)
CHEMOAUTOTROPH ; CHEMOSYNTHESIS
41
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS. based on food procurement via ENERGY SOURCE.
_______ = relies on autotrophs to obtain food
HETEROTROPHS
42
Based on nutrition intake, the breaking down of food happens INTERNALLY
INGESTIVE
43
Based on nutrition intake, consumption happens EXTERIOR from their body
ABSORPTIVE
44
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS. based on food procurement via FEEDING HABIT.
1. Producers
2. Consumers
i. Herbivores
ii. Carnivores
iii. Omnivores
3. Decomposers
45
produce their own food; autotroph (“self-feeding”); supplies the needed vitamins,
minerals, and energy for consumers
e.g. plants, algae, some protists
PRODUCERS
46
1°, 2°, 3°...; Includes all animals which feed directly or indirectly on producers for food; heterotrophs; part of the GRAZING FOOD CHAIN
CONSUMERS
47
(1° consumers) – FEED only on PRODUCERS
- different plant-feeding strategies; can have a _____ and ____ EFFECT
- they REGULATE the GROWTH of PLANTS and,
- if the grazing pressure is not too high, they may even ENCOURAGE abundant RE-GROWTH;
- they also act as POLLINATORS
HERBIVORES
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE EFFECT
48
TYPES OF HERBIVORES
* Frugivores
* Folivores
* Nectarivores
* Granivores
* Palynivores
* Mucivores
* Xylophages
49
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– eat fruits
* Frugivores
50
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– graze or browse on leaves and/or twigs (e.g. grazers and browsers)
* Folivores
51
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– feed on nectar
* Nectarivores
52
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– eat seeds
* Granivores
53
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– feed on pollen
* Palynivores
54
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– sip plant fluids
* Mucivores
55
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– eat wood
* Xylophages
56
feed on BOTH PLANTS and ANIMALS
OMNIVORES
57
animals that FEED directly on OTHER ANIMALS (e.g. predators); act as ______ _______,
MAINTAIN BALANCE in the ecosystem
CARNIVOERS ; NATURAL ENEMIES
58
CARNINORES.
– feed only on herbivores
2° consumers
59
CARNIVORES.
feed only on other carnivores
3° and higher level consumers
60
SPECIAL TYPE OF CONSUMERS that thrive on decomposing
matter or cast-off fragments of living organisms;
Decomposers, Detritivores, Scavengers
61
DECOMPOSERS participate in the ____ ______ ______; RECYCLE MATTER INTO NUTRIENTS that are available for re-entry into the grazing food chain (this is a very important function; if nutrient cycling does not happen then all of life would cease)
DETRITAL FOOD CHAIN
62
animals that feed on dead animals
(e.g. vulture, ants)
SCAVENGERS
63
feed on dead plants; "detritus" = non-living organic matter
(e.g. seastars, earthworms, sea cucumber, dung beetles, millipedes)
DETRITIVORES
64
a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter; MAXIMIZES SURFACE AREA
SAPROPHYTES
65
food produced by autotrophs is passed on to consumers;
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
66
each level in the
successive food/ENERGY TRANSFER is called a ____ _______; represented through FOOD CHAIN, FOOD WEB, or FOOD PYRAMID
TROPHIC LEVEL
67
TROPHIC LEVEL.
feeding relationships showing either BIOMASS or energy contained at each level
FOOD PYRAMID
68
TROPHIC LEVEL.
NETWORK of FEEDING relationships
FOOD WEB
69
TROPHIC LEVEL.
single chain of feeding
FOOD CHAIN
70
ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION based on ability to CONTROL INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Regulators
i. thermoregulators
ii. osmoregulators
2. Conformers
i. thermoconformers
ii. osmoconformers
71
EXTERNAL factors does NOT affect the INTERNAL BALANCE
REGULATORS
72
Keep body TEMPERATURE within certain limits even when the surrounding changes
THERMOREGULATORS
73
organism regulates the water balance in its body and maintains the homeostasis of the body
e.g. salt, water, fluid balance, electrolytes
OSMOREGULATORS
74
Internal conditions CONTROLLED mainly by the ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
CONFORMERS
75
adopts the surrounding temperature as their own
e.g. reptiles
THERMOCONFORMERS
76
maintains their internal solute concentrations within their bodies at equal levels with their surrounding medium
e.g. sharks
OSMOCONFORMERS
77
certain temperature that an organism can survive/adopt into
TOLERANCE RANGE
78
Organisms respond to environmental changes within their TOLERANCE RANGE through different MECHANISM, including:
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACCLIMATION
2. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE
3. BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
79
Short-term, REVERSIBLE adjustments within an organism’s body to cope with environmental stress.
Example:
- Humans acclimatizing to high altitudes by increasing red blood cell production.
- Some fish adjusting their metabolism to survive in colder waters.
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACCLIMATION
80
Structural or PHYSICAL MODIFICATIONS to adapt to the environment, which can be seasonal or permanent.
Example:
- Arctic foxes developing thicker fur in winter and shedding it in summer.
- Desert plants evolving thick, waxy coatings to reduce water loss.
2. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE
81
CHANGES in an organism's ACTIONS to survive within its tolerance range.
Example:
- Birds migrating to warmer regions during winter.
- Nocturnal animals being active at night to avoid extreme heat.
3. BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
