BIO 150 LEC Quiz 1 Flashcards
- Focuses on the study of individuals and species and their RELATIONSHIP with their ENVIRONMENT
- SMALLEST FOCUS UNIT OF ECOLOGY
Organismal Ecology
Organismal Ecology Address two fundamental questions:
o How does a species or organism _________ in this environment?
o How does the environment _______ that species or organism?
FUNCTION ; INFLUENCE
the INDIVIDUAL and how it relates to the environment; emphasizes life HISTORY and BEHAVIOR as an ADAPTATION to the environment
Autecology
GROUPS of organisms and their relation to the environment (community, and ecosystem
ecology); considers “THE PICTURE AS A WHOLE”
Synecology
On the study of INTERRELATIOSHIPS…
AUTECOLOGY & SYNECOLOGY
In Ecology, organisms are classified as:
- Unitary
- Modular
IN UNITARY ORGANISMS:
- ______ form
- CONTINUOUS and ______ _____ of growth and development
- highly _______
- governed by ______ makeup;
DETERMINATE
PREDICTABLE PATTERN
MOBILE
GENETIC
UNITARY ORGANISMS ARE GENETICALLY UNIQUE:
_______: product of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, can produce FRUIT
_______: CLONES; genetically similar (e.g. grass)
GENET
RAMETS
ADAPTATION depending on PIGMENT in response to environmental variation
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY
IN MODULAR ORGANISMS:
- ________ form
- ________ ________ of growth and
development - _________ or hardly mobile
- highly ________ by the ENVIRONMENT
INDETERMINATE
UNPREDICTABLE PATTERN
SEDENTARY
INFLUENCED
Each individual organism belongs to a _______.
a group of actually or potentially INTERBREEDING individuals that are REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED from other individuals
SPECIES
QUALIFICATIONS OF A SPECIES
- Can reproduce FERTILE OFFSPRINGS
- Capable of INTERBREEDING
“The _______ of any organism consists, in the final analysis, of everything in the universe EXTERNAL TO THE ORGANISM.”
ENVIRONMENT
2 ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIFICATIONS
______ = non-living
_______ = living
ABIOTIC ; BIOTIC
Two types of ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
RESOURCE
CONDITION
- All things CONSUMED or used up by an organism, making it less available for others
- Organisms may COMPETE for _____
- E.g. light, CO2, O2, space, water, mineral nutrients, other organisms as food
RESOURCE
- Environmental factors that INFLUENCE the FUNCTIONING of living organisms
- May be ALTERED but not consumed
- E.g. temp, RH, pH, salinity, concentration of pollutants
CONDITION
One is not entirely EXCLUSIVE of the other. An environmental factor may be both a condition and a
resource depending on the situation and the context.
Example: ______
LIGHT in plants
Resource: Light absorption
Condition: Light intensity
______ FACTORS may also be conditions (e.g. a predator is
a condition for the prey as much as a competitor is a condition for the other)
BIOTIC
- Actual place where an organism lives
- “Address” of an organism
HABITAT
- Not a place but an idea
- Defines the CONDITIONS and RESOURCE an organism needs in order to practice its WAY OF LIFE
- Way of life = FUNCTIONAL ROLE
- n-dimensional hypervolume
NICHE
the word “niche” was coined by:
- G. E. Hutchinson 1957
2 types of niche:
- Fundamental vs. realized niche
- Overall conditions under which a species might live DISREGARDING CONTROL FACTORS
- is the ENTIRE SET OF CONDITIONS under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself.
Fundamental niche
- Actual niche as AFFECTED BY BIOTIC FACTORS/INTERACTIONS
- is the set of CONDITIONS actually USED by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.
Realized niche
- MULTIDIMENSIONAL based of factors affected
- (1D, 2D, 3D)
Hutchinsonian niche
- study of the INTERACTIONS of
ORGANISMS with their ENVIRONMENT
ECOLOGY
The Biology “layer cake”
BASIC DIVISIONS “layers”
MORPHOLOGY - forms/structure
PHYSIOLOGY - function
GENETICS - heredity
ECOLOGY -
ET CETERA -
The Biology “layer cake”
TAXONOMIC DIVISIONS “slices”
OBMEB
ORNITHOLOGY - birds
BACTERIOLOGY - bacteria
MYCOLOGY - fungi
ENTOMOLOGY - insects
BRYOLOGY - mosses & liverworts
SUBDIVISIONS of Ecology
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
TAXONOMIC “SLICES”
BASIC “LAYERS”
Level of Organization
OPCEL
- Organismal Ecology
- Population Ecology
- Community Ecology
- Ecosystem Ecology
- Landscape Ecology
Taxonomic “Slices”
- Microbial Ecology
- Plant Ecology
- Animal Ecology
Basic “Layers”
- Behavioral Ecology
- Genetic Ecology
- Physiological Ecology
- Systems Ecology
Sciences allied to Ecology
NATURAL HISTORY
ENVI SCI
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SCI
– Can be CLASSIFIED according to their FUNCTIONAL ROLE in the ecosystem (reflecting
feeding relationships)
- all living organism found in the environment
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS
- based on food procurement via ENERGY SOURCE
- based on food procurement and FEEDING HABIT
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS. based on food procurement via ENERGY SOURCE.
- AUTOTROPHS
i. Photoautotroph
ii. chemoautotrophs - HETEROTROPHS
i. ingestive
ii. absorptive
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS. based on food procurement via ENERGY SOURCE.
______ = SELF FEEDING
AUTOTROPHS
energy for making food is obtained from RADIANT ENERGY ; process of making food is called _________
PHOTOAUTOTROPH ; PHOTOSYNTHESIS
energy for making food is obtained from OXIDATION of INORGANIC CHEMICALS;
process of making food is called _________
(e.g. IRON-REDUCING BACTERIA can cause the water to have a metallic sheen, can create slimy coatings that appear yellow, brown, red, and or black, and can produce a brown foam in the water.)
CHEMOAUTOTROPH ; CHEMOSYNTHESIS
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS. based on food procurement via ENERGY SOURCE.
_______ = relies on autotrophs to obtain food
HETEROTROPHS
Based on nutrition intake, the breaking down of food happens INTERNALLY
INGESTIVE
Based on nutrition intake, consumption happens EXTERIOR from their body
ABSORPTIVE
ORGANISMAL CLASSIFICATIONS. based on food procurement via FEEDING HABIT.
- Producers
- Consumers
i. Herbivores
ii. Carnivores
iii. Omnivores - Decomposers
produce their own food; autotroph (“self-feeding”); supplies the needed vitamins,
minerals, and energy for consumers
e.g. plants, algae, some protists
PRODUCERS
1°, 2°, 3°…; Includes all animals which feed directly or indirectly on producers for food; heterotrophs; part of the GRAZING FOOD CHAIN
CONSUMERS
(1° consumers) – FEED only on PRODUCERS
- different plant-feeding strategies; can have a _____ and ____ EFFECT
- they REGULATE the GROWTH of PLANTS and,
- if the grazing pressure is not too high, they may even ENCOURAGE abundant RE-GROWTH;
- they also act as POLLINATORS
HERBIVORES
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE EFFECT
TYPES OF HERBIVORES
- Frugivores
- Folivores
- Nectarivores
- Granivores
- Palynivores
- Mucivores
- Xylophages
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– eat fruits
- Frugivores
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– graze or browse on leaves and/or twigs (e.g. grazers and browsers)
- Folivores
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– feed on nectar
- Nectarivores
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– eat seeds
- Granivores
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– feed on pollen
- Palynivores
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– sip plant fluids
- Mucivores
TYPE OF HERBIVORES
– eat wood
- Xylophages
feed on BOTH PLANTS and ANIMALS
OMNIVORES
animals that FEED directly on OTHER ANIMALS (e.g. predators); act as ______ _______,
MAINTAIN BALANCE in the ecosystem
CARNIVOERS ; NATURAL ENEMIES
CARNINORES.
– feed only on herbivores
2° consumers
CARNIVORES.
feed only on other carnivores
3° and higher level consumers
SPECIAL TYPE OF CONSUMERS that thrive on decomposing
matter or cast-off fragments of living organisms;
Decomposers, Detritivores, Scavengers
DECOMPOSERS participate in the ____ ______ ______; RECYCLE MATTER INTO NUTRIENTS that are available for re-entry into the grazing food chain (this is a very important function; if nutrient cycling does not happen then all of life would cease)
DETRITAL FOOD CHAIN
animals that feed on dead animals
(e.g. vulture, ants)
SCAVENGERS
feed on dead plants; “detritus” = non-living organic matter
(e.g. seastars, earthworms, sea cucumber, dung beetles, millipedes)
DETRITIVORES
a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter; MAXIMIZES SURFACE AREA
SAPROPHYTES
food produced by autotrophs is passed on to consumers;
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
each level in the
successive food/ENERGY TRANSFER is called a ____ _______; represented through FOOD CHAIN, FOOD WEB, or FOOD PYRAMID
TROPHIC LEVEL
TROPHIC LEVEL.
feeding relationships showing either BIOMASS or energy contained at each level
FOOD PYRAMID
TROPHIC LEVEL.
NETWORK of FEEDING relationships
FOOD WEB
TROPHIC LEVEL.
single chain of feeding
FOOD CHAIN
ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION based on ability to CONTROL INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
- Regulators
i. thermoregulators
ii. osmoregulators - Conformers
i. thermoconformers
ii. osmoconformers
EXTERNAL factors does NOT affect the INTERNAL BALANCE
REGULATORS
Keep body TEMPERATURE within certain limits even when the surrounding changes
THERMOREGULATORS
organism regulates the water balance in its body and maintains the homeostasis of the body
e.g. salt, water, fluid balance, electrolytes
OSMOREGULATORS
Internal conditions CONTROLLED mainly by the ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
CONFORMERS
adopts the surrounding temperature as their own
e.g. reptiles
THERMOCONFORMERS
maintains their internal solute concentrations within their bodies at equal levels with their surrounding medium
e.g. sharks
OSMOCONFORMERS
certain temperature that an organism can survive/adopt into
TOLERANCE RANGE
Organisms respond to environmental changes within their TOLERANCE RANGE through different MECHANISM, including:
- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACCLIMATION
- MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE
- BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
Short-term, REVERSIBLE adjustments within an organism’s body to cope with environmental stress.
Example:
- Humans acclimatizing to high altitudes by increasing red blood cell production.
- Some fish adjusting their metabolism to survive in colder waters.
- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACCLIMATION
Structural or PHYSICAL MODIFICATIONS to adapt to the environment, which can be seasonal or permanent.
Example:
- Arctic foxes developing thicker fur in winter and shedding it in summer.
- Desert plants evolving thick, waxy coatings to reduce water loss.
- MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE
CHANGES in an organism’s ACTIONS to survive within its tolerance range.
Example:
- Birds migrating to warmer regions during winter.
- Nocturnal animals being active at night to avoid extreme heat.
- BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
