BIO 150 LEC QUIZ 1 P3 Flashcards
______ and ________ SUBSTANCES are both CONDITIONS and RESOURCE.
WATER ; DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES
WATER is a _______ RESOURCE.
Organisms – composed of ~80% water
CRITICAL
WATER IS A CRITICAL RESOURCE.
- _______ – necessary for METABOLIC REACTIONS
- Water content needs continual ________
HYDRATION ; REPLENISHMENT
WATER IS A CRITICAL RESOURCE.
- Water incorporated in plant body «< vol. of water that flows through the ________ STREAM (importance of ROOT SYSTEMS)
- Most terrestrial animals drink _____ WATER and generate some from the METABOLISM of FOOD;
- Animals of ARID ZONES (dry envi) may obtain all their water from their FOOD.
TRANSPIRATION
FREE
WATER IN THE AIR: ______
- MOISTURE CONTENT OF AIR relative to an equal volume of saturated air at a given temperature
- IMPORTANT SOURCE OF WATER
- Affected by temp, LI, and vegetation
- Plants transpire and affect humidity in the area
HUMIDITY
- Water CONDENSED from ATMOSPHERIC VAPOR and falling in drops
- Allows RE-DISTRIBUTION of water; brings water from the oceans to areas over land
- Water scarcity and abundance DETERMINE VEGETATION TYPE
- REPLENISHES GROUND WATER
- A MEDIUM OF LIFE in aquatic habitats
RAINFALL/PRECIPITATION
Water as a ________
- In streams and rivers there is the constant HAZARD of being washed away
- Repeated POUNDING and SUCTION of WAVE ACTION on sea shores
CONDITION
WATER AS A CONDITION
- _______, ________ _______, behavioral strategies of ________
- HOLDFASTS, FLEXIBLE BODIES, behavioral strategies of AVOIDANCE
pH OF WATER AND SOIL
- Direct effect: ________ – upsetting osmoregulation, enzyme activities, gas exchange
- Indirect effect: influence on availability of ______ and/or CONCENTRATION OF TOXINS
- Envt with NEUTRAL-SLIGHTLY ALKALINE pH are more hospitable than acidic ones.
- Some prok can thrive under very acidic or very alkaline conditions.
TOXICITY
NUTRIENTS
pH OF WATER AND SOIL
- Some PROKARYOTES can thrive under very ACIDIC CONDITIONS
- pH 2-7
ACIDOPHILES
pH OF WATER AND SOIL
- Some PROKARYOTES can thrive under very ALKALINE CONDITIONS
- pH 9-12
ALKALIPHILES
- Organisms respond to salt like the Response Curve 3
- Creates OSMOREGULATORY PROBLEMS (same as drought and freezing); OSMOTIC RESISTANCE to WATER UPTAKE
- Others have a way of pumping out excess salt from their tissues to avoid damage
SALINITY OF WATER
– have metabolites for osmoregulation
HALOPHYTES
- Organisms respond to mineral nutrients like the Response Curve 3
- Interactions between FORAGING for WATER and nutrients (for plants)
MINERAL NUTRIENTS
_____ OBTAIN NUTRIENTS from soil or surrounding water
plants
_____ OBTAIN NUTRIENTS in organic form, from food
animals
ADAPTATIONS TO DROUGHT STESS
_______ traits in plants:
* traits conserve water
* MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES (waxes, sunken stomates, multiple epidermal layers, leaf-folding/rolling, trichomes, etc)
* PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS (water storage, protective molecules, stomatal closure, CAM, etc)
* DORMANCY
* _______ (RESSURECTION PLANTS)
XEROMORPHIC ; POIKILOHYDRY
ADAPTATIONS TO DROUGHT STESS
Drought tolerance/resistance in animals:
* Structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations
* ______ INTEGUMENTS, REDUCTION in _______ FLOW rate, seasonal ______, ESTIVATION, HOARDING of _____, _____ CHOICES
IMPERMEABLE
URINE
MIGRATION
FOOD
SPACE
ADAPTATIONS TO FLOODING
animals -> _____ ___ of the flooded area
plants -> structural and physiological adaptations
MOVE OUT
ADAPTATIONS TO FLOODING OF PLANTS
*________ ROOTS
* PNEUMATOPHORES
* Capacity to ______ SHOOT parts upon SUBMERGENCE (hormonal response, ET)
* increased _______ (longitudinal transport of )2)
* CHANGE in TIMING of ______
AERENCHYMATOUS
ELONGATE
POROSITY
REPRODUCTION
EARTH SYSTEMS.
Earth has just the RIGHT CONDITIONS for life compared to other planets.
4 MAIN PARTS (SPHERES)
ATMOSPHERE (air)
HYDROSPHERE (water) ; CRYOSPHERE
GEOSPHERE (rocks),
BIOSPHERE (living things).
These parts interact by ______ ______.
E.G. water moves between the sky, oceans, and land, and carbon flows between the air, oceans, rocks, and living organisms.
Matter flows between different _______ (like oceans and atmosphere), and balance in these flows keeps the system stable.
EXCHANGING MATTER ; RESERVOIRS
Human actions (like burning fossil fuels) have CHANGED these NATURAL CYCLES, affecting things like ___ and ___ _____ levels in the atmosphere.
SEA & CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS
are cycles where changes in one part of a system affect other parts, which then loop back to influence the first part.
work together to create a stable, yet dynamic, natural system.
FEEDBACK LOOPS
amplifies changes (like more plants leading to more soil nutrients, which help even more plants grow).
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Helps stabilize systems (like predator-prey cycles where more predators mean fewer prey, which then leads to fewer predators).
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Main energy source that drives climate.
SOLAR ENERGY
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
In some areas, human activities like deforestation and agriculture REDUCE the amount of LIVING MATTER (________).
BIOMASS
How much SUNLIGHT is BOUNCED BACK into space depends on the color and type of surface (e.g., light deserts vs. dark forests).
ALBEDO / REFLECTIVITY
Earth’s average SURFACE TEMPERATURE has RISEN rapidly in recent decades, which is unusual in geological history.
GLOBAL WARMING
Feedback Loops Accelerate Warming:
- WATER VAPOR: Warmer oceans lead to more evaporation; water vapor itself is a greenhouse gas.
- ICE MELT: Melting ice reduces reflectivity, causing more heat absorption.
- PERMAFROST THAW: Melting frozen soil releases trapped greenhouse gases.
Self-reinforcing loops that lead to BENEFICIAL OUTCOMES
(e.g. Marine sanctuary → recovery of fish stocks → sustainable fishing practices.
VIRTUOUS CYCLE
Self-reinforcing loops that worsen problems and reinforces NEGATIVE OUTCOMES
(e.g.Melting ice → less sunlight reflection → more warming → more ice melt).
VICIOUS CYCLE
STABLE STATES or conditions that ecosystems tend to settle into.
ATTRACTORS
The range of conditions that lead the system toward a stable state/attractor
- “deep” = the system is very stable and hard to shift;
- “shallow” = even a small change can push the system into a new state.
BASIN OF ATTRACTION (STABILITY LANDSCAPE)
UNSTABLE STATES where small changes can cause the system to move far away, often driven by positive feedback
REPELLERS
The ability of an ecosystem to absorb disturbances and still maintain its basic structure and function. Strong negative feedback loops and deep basins of attraction increase ______ , while systems near a threshold (precarious conditions) can flip to a different state with only small changes.
RESILIENCE
Ecosystems can remain stable for long periods, then suddenly SHIFT to a NEW STATE when ______ FEEDBACK dominates.
This rapid change is characteristic of complex systems.
POSITIVE
