science B3

Question 1

what are enzymes? (or what do they do)

Answer 1

chemically digests large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules. (found in saliva)… Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in digestion and metabolism

Question 2

Chemical digestion

Answer 2

the breakdown of large particles into

smaller particles by substances called enzymes

Question 3

Mechanical digestion

Answer 3

physical breakdown of food into very small pieces

Question 4

digestive system

Answer 4

is in charge of breaking down the food you eat into parts small enough to be used by your cells. OR Digestion is the breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body

Question 5

peristalsis

Answer 5

a wave of motion caused by contraction and relaxation of muscle tissue. (Such as in the esophagus.)

Question 6

epiglottis

Answer 6

As you swallow, a flap of skin called the epiglottis moves across your windpipe, and food is funneled into the esophagus.

Question 7

esophagus

Answer 7

the stretchy tube that food travels down from the back of the throat to the stomach.

Question 8

stomach

Answer 8

stores food that arrives from the esophagus. breaks down the food with acid and physical churning. empties into small intestine.

Question 9

Gastric Juice

Answer 9

is made of mucus, hydrochloric acid and enzymes

to chemically break down food.

Question 10

villi

Answer 10

small, finger‐like projections that increase
the surface area (in the small intestine) to aid in absorbing nutrients. (nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream by special structures called villi)

Question 11

microvilli

Answer 11

The cells of the epithelial tissue have modified cell membranes that form more finger‐like projections called microvilli. Microvilli further increase the surface area of the
small intestine to help absorb nutrients. (located on the outside of the villi)

Question 12

small intestine

Answer 12

breaks down food into even smaller parts using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. most nutrients are absorbed here

Question 13

large intestine

Answer 13

removes waste from the small intestine. It absorbs any remaining water. transmits waste for eliminations. removes solid waste in ES

Question 14

excretion

Answer 14

the job of waste removal in ES

Question 15

excretory system

Answer 15

different organ systems interact to get rid of wastes.

Question 16

urea

Answer 16

the body’s breakdown of proteins and ammonia. It can also be chemically composed into a liquid or a solid using ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Question 17

liver in ES

Answer 17

takes the highly toxic ammonia produced by the body’s
cells out of the bloodstream and converts it into a less
harmful substance called urea

Question 18

kidney in ES

Answer 18

are the main organs of excretion
they act as filters to the blood, straining out the unwanted
urea, water, and other salts, and they produce urine.

Question 19

the skin in es

Answer 19

the skin functions by eliminating excess water and salt through sweat glands

Question 20

sweat glands

Answer 20

in addition to producing sweat to keep you cool, these glands remove excess salt from your blood.

Question 21

formation of urine

Answer 21

1. Blood enters the kidney by the renal artery. 2. The artery branches into smaller and smaller vessels.
2. These capillaries enter filtering units called nephrons.
3. These microscopic nephron units remove wastes from the blood and produce urine.
4. The “clean” filtered blood returns to the body through the renal vein. 6. The urine flows out a separate vessel and into the ureter to leave the body.

Question 22

nephrons

Answer 22

nephron units remove wastes and produce urine.

Question 23

Ureters

Answer 23

Ureters are long tubes that connect the kidneys to the

bladder.

Question 24

urethra

Answer 24

When bladder is full, the bladder
muscles contract and push the
urine out through the urethra.

Question 25

autonomic nervous system

Answer 25

controls muscles and has -Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

- Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

Question 26

axon

Answer 26

An axon, or nerve fiber, is a long slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body or soma. Axons are in effect the primary transmission lines of the nervous system, and as bundles they help make up nerves.

Question 27

the brain

Answer 27

is the control center. divided into three parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and the medulla. the cerebrum controls voluntary movements and the senses and is divided into two halves. The cerebellum provides feedback on body positioning based on sensory information. The medulla controls the spinal cord and controls involuntary movements.

Question 28

central nervous system

Answer 28

includes the brain and the spinal cord. together, they regulate activities of body

Question 29

dendrites

Answer 29

Dendrites are the segments of the neuron that receive stimulation in order for the cell to become active. They conduct electrical messages to the neuron cell body for the cell to function.

Question 30

Motor neurons

Answer 30

Motor neurons carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles or organs.

Question 31

nervous system

Answer 31

The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is essentially the body’s electrical wiring

Question 32

nervous tissue

Answer 32

• Nervous tissue is made entirely of specialized cells called
neurons.

Question 33

neurons/ nerves

Answer 33

nerves are made up of specialized cells called neurons that carry messages from one part of the body to the other using electrical signals. neurons send and receive

Question 34

peripheral nervous system

Answer 34

includes all of the nerves outside the cns. pns connects the cns to the muscles, organs, and skin to help coordinate movements and behaviors. the PNS includes the automatic nervous system and somatic. Somatic controls voluntary action and reflexes.

Question 35

sensory neurons

Answer 35

carry information from the body to the central nervous

system

Question 36

somatic nervous system

Answer 36

Somatic controls voluntary action and reflexes.

Question 37

senses

Answer 37

The sense of touch is found in all areas of your skin, making it the largest sense organ.

Question 38

function of RS

Answer 38

1 supplying your blood with oxygen and #2 removing the carbon dioxide from your blood

Question 39

diaphragm

Answer 39

Breathing occurs because of your rib and diaphragm muscles. Inhale- these muscles contract, pulling your ribs up, and your diaphragm down. pulls air into your lungs. Exhale- these muscles relax: your ribs go down and your diaphragm goes up. This decreases the size of your chest and lungs,

Question 40

lungs in RS

Answer 40

the primary organ of the RS. They take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. they are inflated and deflated by the action of the diaphragm

Question 41

alveoli

Answer 41

are made up of specialized epithelial tissue, only one cell layer thick. allows for diffusion of co2 and o2. tiny sacs in the lungs that allow co2 and o2 to move between the lungs and bloodstream

Question 42

bronchi,bronchus, bronchiholes

Answer 42

bronchi are lined with tough connective tissue to keep walls from collapsing. bronchi are the main passageways into the lungs. they become smaller and are called bronchiholes inside the lungs. They then evolve into tiny air sacs called alveoli

Question 43

function of CS

Answer 43

1 TRANSPORT the nutrients to each

cell in your body
#2 TRANSPORT oxygen to your cells
and carry waste products away.

Question 44

veins

Answer 44

are blood vessels that transport blood from various regions of the body back to the heart. Veins are thinner and have valves that stop blood from flowing backwards

Question 45

right and left side of the heart

Answer 45

The right side of the heart pumps blood to your lungs (where it receives fresh oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide).
The left side of your heart receives this oxygen-rich blood from your lungs and pumps it to all the other parts of your body.

Question 46

the heart

Answer 46

is a muscular pump that circulates blood throughout the body. the heart pumps the blood that not only carries oxygen and glucose but also carries waste such as co2. has 4 chambers, 2 atria and 2 ventricles

Question 47

four chambers in the heart

Answer 47

Right atrium: receives blood low in oxygen from the body
and pumps it into the right ventricle.
• Right ventricle: receives the blood and pumps into the lungs.
• Left atrium: picks up the o2 rich blood from the lungs and pumps it
to the left ventricle.
• Left ventricle: pumps the blood throughout the body.

Question 48

arteries

Answer 48

are blood vessels that transport oxygen rich blood away from the heart to many places in the body. Aorta is largest artery in the body. have a thick muscular layer in the middle that expands and contacts to help move blood

Question 49

lungs in CS

Answer 49

It carries oxygen from the air we breathe to cells throughout the body. The pumping of the heart drives this blood flow through the arteries, capillaries, and veins. One set of blood vessels circulates blood through the lungs for gas exchange. The other vessels fuel the rest of the body.

Question 50

capillaries

Answer 50

Capillaries are very thin blood vessels. They bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products. Capillaries have two adaptations for
exchanging gases and nutrients:
1) They are made of specialized epithelial tissue that is only one cell layer thick
2) They are very narrow so that the blood cells must pass through in single file

Question 51

blood ( plasma, platelets, red and white blood cells)

Answer 51

1. red blood cells- carry oxygen, mature ones have no nuclei
2. white blood cells- fight infections
3. platelets- clotting cells that stop bleeding
4. plasma- liquid part
   plasma makes 55% of your body while others make 45%

Question 52

spinal cord

Answer 52

helps carry messages in between the brain and body.