schrizophenia and marijuana

Question 1

serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia

Answer 1

-problem in explening auditoriam hallucination

Question 2

key points :

Answer 2

key points :

1.the psychological effects of LSD and psilocybin are mediatedby the 5-HT receptor

2.5-ht receptor abnormalities are evident in the brains of schizophrenia patients and at-risk patients

3. 5-HT receptors antagonism is known to contribute to the effects of atypical antiphycotics

Question 3

P.E. Bleurler

Answer 3

-coined the term schizophrenia (splitting of the mind)

the split he was trying to describe was not between two personalities

;rather,it was between the various facets of the mind(personality,memory,emotions,perception

Question 4

schizophrenia

Answer 4

is not dissociative identity disorder

does not have to do with increse of violence

Question 5

DSM 5 criteria

Answer 5

A. 2 or more of the following
1-delusions
2-hallucinations
3-disorganized speech
4-grossly disgornizedbehaviour
5-negative symptoms

B.the level of imperament is below the level achived prior to the onset

C.continous signs of the disturbance persists for at least 6 months must include at least 1 month of symptoms

E.not attributable to the psysiological effects of a substances

Question 6

DSM 5 spectrum

Answer 6

(less severe)delusional disorder—brief psychotic disorder—schizophreniform disorder—-schizophrenia—schizoaffective disorder(more severe)

Question 7

positive symptoms

Answer 7

excess or distortion of normal function
-hallucinations
-delusions

Question 8

negative symptoms

Answer 8

diminution or loss of normal functions
-flat effect(inability to display emotions)
-avolition(lack of motivation to do tesks)

Question 9

cognitive impairment

Answer 9

-attetion
-memory

Question 10

who gets diagnose

Answer 10

-0.5-1.5%

-slightly more common in males

-onset is usually in teens to late 20s

-negative symptoms are more likely in males

-depressive episodes,paranoia delusion and allucination/positive symptoms are more likely in females

Question 11

genetic risk factors

Question 12

enviromental risk factors

Answer 12

-maternal infection
-nutrient deficy during pregancy
-obstetric complications
-childhood adversity
-immigrant statues
-urban enviroment
-infection condition
-stressful life event
-cannabis use *

Question 13

pharmacological treatments

Answer 13

antipychotic drugs

there is usually less luck in treating the negative symptoms of scrizophenia

Question 14

discovery of anti-psycotics

Answer 14

in 1950,a surgen noticed that the administration of chlorpromazine to his patients to counteract swelling in the brain had a calmin effect

he subsquently suggested that it might have a calming effect on difficult-to-handle patients with psychosis

subsquently reserch showed that,after being administreatred for a period of 2-3 weeks,it alleviated the symptoms of psychosis in many patients

Question 15

1.dopamine theory of schizophrenia

Answer 15

the theory that schizoprenia is caused by too much activity at receptors for the neurotransmitter dopamine

Question 16

based on several findings

Answer 16

1. brains of individuals with parkison’s disease have marked dopamine depletion;and antipsychotic drugs produce symptoms similar to parkisons ?
2. Drugs known to increase dopamine levels (ex:cocain) produce symptoms of schizoprenia
3. the efficancy of an antipsychotic drug is correlated with the degree to which it blocks activity at dopamine receptors

Question 17

problems with dopamine theory

Answer 17

1. the newer ‘‘atypical’’ antipsychotic drugs produce a wide variety of changes in the brain and were just as good as tradional antipsychotic

2.it takes 2-3 weeks for antipsychotic drugs to work,yet their effects on dopamine receptor activity are immediate

3.most patients show no significant improvment of the first antipsychotic they are given

Question 18

2.Glutamatergic hypofunction theory

Answer 18

postulates that the dysfunction of glutamate NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons leads to decrease in GABAergic transmission ?

that decrese in inhibition leads to an inbalance of inhibition and excitation?

Answer 19

in scrizophenia is every where in the brain not focus in one location

Question 20

3.immune dysfunction theory

Answer 20

the theory that schrizophenia is the result of problems with the immune system

Question 21

based on several findings

Answer 21

1.certain infections increase the risk of psychosis by as much as 60%

2.there is a higher risk of schizophrenia in indivduals with autoimmune diseases

3.several of the gens associated with schizophrenia have immune system functions

4.psychosis is a feature of ‘anti-NMDA receptor encephalities’ an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack NMDA type glutamete receptor

Question 22

3 phases of pychosis

Answer 22

normal
prodrimal
a third develops psychotic

Question 23

dopamine increses with spychophrenia

Answer 23

incresesed then with helthy individuals striatal dopamine

Question 24

marijuana

Answer 24

-cannabis sativa
-cannabis indica
-canabis ruderalis

Question 25

most of the cannabinoids can be found in the leaves and flower

Question 26

marijuana was used for

Answer 26

-rope
-grains
-and flower were used for the pychoactive and medical effects

Question 27

marijuana was equivilant to a narcotic

Question 28

pharmacology

Answer 28

most of its psychoactive effects are attributable to a chemical called THC
but CBD is also very reserched

Question 29

THC shows mild affinity for the cannabioid receptor:CB1 and CB2

Question 30

the first endogenous cannabinoid to be discovered was

Answer 30

anandamine

Question 31

acute psychological effects

Answer 31

lower doses: incresed sense of well-being ,alterations in the perception of space and time,and hightened sensation

higher doses:episodic and working memory impairments,multi-step goal-directed task impairments,speech production impairment

an acute transient psychosis occurs in some individuals-severe paranoia

Question 32

chronic cognitive effects

Answer 32

-there are few consistent/clear effect on cognition

-effects on working memory function

-rarely presente after 4 to 6 weeks of abstinence

Question 33

chroninc physiological effects

Answer 33

-both THC and CBD supress tumor cell proliferation

• inhibit synapse formation

-in vitro primates studies have failed to shown any long-term effect of chronic cannabinoid consuption on brain neurichemistry and structure

Question 34

physilological effects (in humans)

Answer 34

down regulation of CB receptor

half of all gray matter structural imaging studies have found no difference between canabbies users

consistent differences in intermispheric tracts (corpus callosum is smaller)

Question 35

chronic psychological effects

Answer 35

daily high-potency cannabies use has been associated with:

-incresed risk for psychosis

-earlier onset of psychosis(compared to low potency cannabies)

-CBD similar to atypical antipsychotics

Question 36

potential for addiction

Answer 36

CUD(cannabis use dissorder)
22% of people that uses
-high potency is associated with 6-7 X incre in risk of cannabis use disorder

Question 37

atypical psychotics

Answer 37

differ from typical antipsychotic agents in producing significantly fewer extrapyramidal symptoms and having a lower risk of tardive dyskinesia in vulnerable clinical populations at doses that produce comparable control of psychosis.