Causes of Brain Dysfunction Flashcards
what are the main causes ?
1.Brain Tumours
2.Stroke
3. Infection of the brain
4.Neurotoxins
1.what is a tumor ?
is a mess that grows independatly of the rest of the body
what are the types of brain tumos ?
a)Meningiomas
b)infiltraiting tumour
a) what is a Meningioma tumour?
-grows between the meninges (the 3 menbranes that cover the nervous system
-encapsulated
-bening tumors
- if having a tumor, better to have this one
what is a encapsulated tumor ?
a tumor that grow in their own menbrain
what is a bening tumor ?
tumors that can be removed with little risk and is not espredable
b) what is an Infiltrating tumor
grow diffusely through surrounding brain tissue
Malignant Tumour
worst case
some infiltrating tumors are Metastatic Tumors
what is a Malignant tumour?(most common in adults)
-is difficult to remove or destroy
-the raming if not taken out continues to grow
Metastic tumors
are when tumor fragments carried to the brain from other body parts via blood streem
ex:best cancer or lung cancer
- What are strokes ?
strokes are sudden-onset cerebralvascular disorders that causes brain dysfanction
what are the symptoms ?
amenisia
aphasia (difficulty in speache)
psychiatric disorder
demantia
paralys
and coma
what is called the dead or dysing tissue caused by a stroke ?
infarct
what is the name of dysfactional area surrounding the infarcy?
Penumbra (tissue in that area may either recover or die)
what are the two types of Stokes?
a)caused by Cerebral Homorrhage
or
b)caused Cerebral ischemia
a) Hemorrhagia stroke
-blood in the brain
-happens when a blood vessel in the brain corrupts and causes blood to leak in the surround tissue
-burst of aneurysm can cause hemorrhage
fast
what is an aneurysm?
abnormal sweeling or buldge in the wall of a blood vessel that has blood flow circulating in the inside constantly
anorysms are not problemetic in themselves but them bursting is a big problem
the likehood of a burst anorim increses with age
treatments for anorism
-clipping: it creates a barrier and stop the bloof flow between the anorism and the blood vessel, clogging the blood insed (open skull/brain surgery)
or
-coilling (starts in the leg and go all the way to the brain tube then a coil inside the aneurism to make it clog(not open skull/brain surgery)
b) Inschemia stroke
a disruption of the blood supply to some area of the brain
takes a while to develop
demage is more likely to some parts of the brain
what are the tree types of cerebral ischemia causes ?
-thrombosis: a plug called a thrombus is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation.
-embolism: s similar, except that the plug, called an embolus in this case, is carried by the blood from a larger vessel, where it was formed, to a smaller one, where it
becomes lodged (it makes a trip)
-arteriosclerosis:the walls of
blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow, usually as the result of fat deposits; this narrowing can eventually
lead to complete blockage of the blood vessels.
what can a thrombosis be made of ?
A thrombus may be composed of a blood clot, fat, oil, an air bubble, tumor cells,
3.Infaction of the brain
a)Bacterial Infection
b) Viral infection
c) Parasites
a) Bacterial Infection
-bacteria often attacks the brain they often lead to the formation of cerebral obsecesses, bacteria also can cause inflamation on the meginas called Meningites
cerebral abscesses
are pus pockets
example of bacteria infaction
syphilis it can cause general paresis
general paresis
the syndrome of psychosis/dementia that results from a syphilitic infection in the brain
encephalits
inflamation in the brain caused by infaction
b) Viral Infection
- those that have a particular affinity for neural tissue(the brain)
- those that attack all tissues indiscriminatly including the nervous system
example
virus that attack the brain /nervous system especifically : rabies
virus that dont specificaaly attack the brain/nervou system:mumps,herpes
c) Parasites
parasites that goes to the brain
ex:neurocysticercosis:tape worm in the brain caused by eating uncooked pork
4.Neurotoxins
mercury and lead for example can acumulate in the brain and permanetly demage it producing a toxic psychosis
toxic psychosis
chronic mental illness caused by a neurotoxins
ex the saying mad as hatter , the character madhatter from alice in wonderland
because hatters at the time would make felt with marcury and that would accumulate in their brain causing them toxic psychosis
TBI
Traumatic Brain Injury
traumatic brain injury(TBI)
traumatically induced structural injury and/or psychological disruption of brain function as a result of an external force
TBI are indicated by new start of the following signs immediatly following the event
-any period of loss or decressed contiouness
-any loss of memory for events immediatly before or after the injury
-any alteration in mental state at the time of the injury (confusion)
-neurological deficient that may or may not be transient
-inetracranial lesions
causes by
-sports(hockey is a big one)
-domestic violence
-car crashes
etc.
common symptoms
-fatigue
-headches
-dizziness
-neusa or vomiting
-brain fog
-etc
open-head TBI
Penetrating Injures:some for of missile,through the skull
ex:bullets
close-head TBI
-contusion: is a bruise on the brain,which occurs when the brain slams againt the skull
hemorrhage and hematoma
closed head injuries that involve demage to celebral circulatory system produce internal Hemorrhanging(bleeding) and a result Hematoma(puddle in the skull)
this also occurs when the brain slams into the skull
edema
another word for swelling is inevitable after a head injury this can also cause problems but itself
coup and contrecoup
the injury in a closed-dead TBI can be bouth COUP(where the brain hits initially) and CONTERCOUP(where the brain hits the skull as a result of the coup because of momentem)
see image (11)
MIld/concussion
-structural image :normal
-loss of contiuness:0-30 minust
-alteration of conciouness/mental state: a moment up to 24 hours
-post traumatic aminisia : less then 1 day
Mild TBI
when there is a blow to the head but no evidence or other structural damage
Moderate
- structural image :normal or abnorma
-loss of contiuness: more then 30 min and less then 24 hours
-alteration of conciouness/mental state: more then 24hours
-post traumatic aminisia : more then 1 day less then 7 days
severe
- structural image :normal or abnorma
-loss of contiuness: more then 24 hours
-alteration of conciouness/mental state: based in other criterias
-post traumatic aminisia : more then 7 days
pay attetion between the difference between moderete/severe to mid/concussion
Chronic Traumatic encaphalopathy(CTE)
suggest there is long-term demage associate with TBI,even if it is not visible after a single episode
-even if stop it will continue to disetegrate
-happens a lot in sports,domestic violence
ex: Case of Junior Seau
Case of Junior Seau
Junior Seau was an all-star linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for 20 years.
his family members reported that he had suffered many mTBIs.
When he came home from games, he often
experienced severe headaches and would go straight to his darkened bedroom.
After Seau’s retirement from the NFL in 2010, his family and friends noticed several disturbing behavioral
changes: heavy consumption of alcohol, reckless business and financial decisions, and gambling,his frequent violent outbursts that were completely out of character for him and were often directed at friends
and family
On May 2, 2012, at the age of 43, Junior Seau shot himself.
A detailed
autopsy of Seau’s brain revealed that he met criteria for a diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy(CTE).
CTE sysmptoms are similar to Parkisno’s disses
