bipolar disorder

Question 1

criteria for Atypicaloty

Answer 1

1.stasticical atypicality

2.violation of socially accepted standers
a-maladaptivity

3-sunjectivite atypicality and or disconfort
a-to the atypical individual
b-to other

4-biological injury or atypicality

Question 2

foucault’s madness and civilization

Answer 2

-he argues that as leprosy(skin condition) disappeared,the concept of madness developed as its replacement

-the great confinement:the mad/undersible were now locked up in institutions

-in the 19th century that madness was considered as a mental illness

-focault argues that this medicalization of madness introduced treatmnet practice that were just crual

Question 3

DSM-5

Answer 3

provides an exhaustive classification system for every possible mental dissorder

Question 4

its porpuses

Answer 4

1-to guide treatment chance

2-to allow clinicins to communicate

3-to please insurance companies who require concrete diagnoses

4-to permit reserch via categorization

Question 5

mental health and matal illness

Answer 5

are very different from each other

opitimal mental health vs poor mental health

serious mental illnes vs no mental illness symptoms

Question 6

stigma

Answer 6

-the negative effects of stigma can outweight the negative effects of mental disorder itself*

-stigma by health care professionals results in poorer treatment and worst treatment outcomes

-stigma is considered to be the foremost barrier to ment health care

-they may not want to seek help due to stigma very dengerous

Question 7

1. structural stigma

Answer 7

the policies and practices of institution is positions of power, that systemattically restric the rights and opportunities for people living with mental health

Question 8

2-social stigma

Answer 8

describes the phenomenon of social groups endorsing sterortyypes about and acting against a stigmatized group

Question 9

3.self stigma

Answer 9

most dentremental

can be ‘caused’ by social stigma

negatives feelings about one self resulting from an individual’s experiences,perceptions or anticipation of negative social reactions on the baisis of their mental health

Question 10

dsm-5 criteria-Major depressive disorder

Answer 10

5+ of the following symptoms present during the same 2 week period at least one of the symptoms is either
1-depressed mood
2-loss of interest (anadonia)

Question 11

maniac episodes

Answer 11

distinct period of abnormally and persistently increse energy and goal-oriented lasting at least 1 week

3 of the following or more:
-inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
-decrese need for sleep
-more talking then usual
-throuhts racing

Question 12

difference between hypomania and mania

Answer 12

presence of delusion and hallucination(hypomania)

Question 13

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 13

bassically the same as a bipollar II but includes manic episodes (less sevier kinda) where ii includes hypomania

Question 14

depression and mania can occur besides each other they are not oposits

Answer 14

‘mixed’

Question 15

who gets diagnosed

Answer 15

bipolar I:0.6%
bipollar II:0.4%

strong tendency to run in families

females have an incresed likehood of bipolar ll diagnosis,hypomania,rapid cycling (4 episodes a year)and mixed episodes

Question 16

common midconceptions

Answer 16

that people with bipolar disorder exhibits rapid shifts in affect

vast majority do not

Question 17

major risks

Answer 17

-high rate of recurrence - life long condition

-high risk for sucide attempts(1/3-1/2)

-highest risk for completed sucide among any phyatric disorder :20%
6th leading cause of disability

Question 18

comorbidity

Answer 18

each case of bipolar disorder almost alway has comorbid psychiatric and or nonpsychiatric illness:

psychiatic:
-anxiety disorder
2.substance use disorder
3.attetion-deficit
-personality disorder

nonpsychiatric(may be symptoms of medication)
-migraine
-cadiovascular disorder
-edocrine disorder

Question 19

structural brain changes

Answer 19

-consistent reports overall reduction in gray matter

-reports of several structural being smaller in patients with bipolar disorder:
-hippocampus
-medial prefrontal cortext
-left anterior
-left superior temporal gyrus

-incresed striatal volume

Question 20

cognitive changes

Answer 20

-impairments in executive function

-more pronounced on tasks that use emotional stimuli

-executive function deficits can be used to predict the onset

Question 21

creativity and bipolar disorder

Question 22

summary of Kyaga

Answer 22

-there is no evidence that depression or schizophrenia is associated with creative professions

-there is evidence for bipolar and creative professions

-close relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are more likey to hold a creative profession

Question 23

non-pharmacological treatment

Answer 23

not very helpful with mania or hypomania , works with depressive phase

CBT: cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 24

psychosocial intervation

Question 25

pharmological treatments

Answer 25

mood stabilizers

antidepresive and antimanic properties

ex:lihium

Question 26

Lihium - mood stebilizer

Answer 26

-john cade reported that a group of 10 manic patients displayed markd improvment following the adminsistration of the metallic ion lithium

fast antisuisidel

can cause tremor

-

Question 27

euthymia

Answer 27

normal phase

Question 28

anticonvulsants

Answer 28

certain anticonvulsant drugs are considered to be effective mood stabilizer(not as affective as lithium)

1.valproate semisodium (drousines)

2.lamotringine-fewer side effects

Question 29

atypical antipsychotic

Answer 29

certain antiphychotic drugs are considered to be effective mood stabilizer

1.quetiapine

2.olanzapine
3-aripriprazole

Question 30

reward hypersensitivity model

Answer 30

vulnerability to bipolar disorder is the result of a hypersensitive reward system: overreactive to goal and reward cues

goal/reward attainment is hypothaiszed to lead to excessive goal/reward activation which leads to cluster of hypomania/manic symptoms

Question 31

goals/reward nonattainmentis hypothesized to lead to excessive goals/rewards deavtivation which then leads to a cluster of depressive symptoms

Question 32

reward hypersensitive model

Answer 32

-extensive goal setting and incresed sucess expectancis

-euthymic individuals with BDmake riskier choices then controls (non BD)

-BD exhibit more ambitious goals striving and higher achivment motivation

-abnormalies in the prefrontal cortex volume,and incresed striatal volume(judgment of risk area)

-incresed metabolism in the striatum on both manic and depressed individuals with BD

-excessive increase frontal strital reward-related activation in response to rewars releted cues