neurodiversity and ASD

Question 1

neurodiversity

Answer 1

refer to the concept that certain developmental disorders represent normal variations, and that people who have such features also have certain strenght

Question 2

nurominorties

Answer 2

-applied developmental neurominorty

-clinical developmental neurominorty

-acquired neurominorty

-acquired neurominorty

Question 3

guiding questions to help you identify neurodiversity

Answer 3

neurological componant:does the condition relates to brain structured and function

cognitive/behavioural componant:does the condition relate/ affect the individuals performence

Question 4

disease

Answer 4

the biomedical mechanism for a condition in know

Question 5

disorder

Answer 5

functional abnormality or disturbance at the organic level

Question 6

disability

Answer 6

below avarage performence in a specific phycological/phsysical function

Question 7

difference

Answer 7

atypical,but with no negative impact on fuctioning or wellbeing

Question 8

autism spectrum disorder(ASD)

Answer 8

is a neurodevelopmental condition DSM diagnosis based on compromised development in two domain

1.social communication deficits

2.repetitive sensory-motor behaviors and fixated interests

Question 9

DSM-5

Answer 9

a- must display 3 kinds of social and communication defecits

b-must display 2types of restricted/repetitive behaviour

-Stereotyped/repetitive speech/motor movements/ use of objects
* Excessive adherence to routines/ ritualized patterns/ resistance to
change
* Highly restricted interests that are atypical with respect to intensity/focus
* Atypical sensory stimulation / aspects of sensory environment

Question 10

A.social and communication deficits

Answer 10

-deficits in differention between social (faces)and non-social stimuli

-lack of engagment with people,and enhance engagement with things

-back-and -forth between brain development and early experience

Question 11

B.restricted/repetitive behaviors or interest

Answer 11

-preoccupation with one or more ssteryotyped and restricted pattern of interest that is atypical in intensity or focus

ex: with the wheel mechanisms of toy cars, rather than their ability
to move

-sometimes associated with savantism(draw from memory in a top view)

-prefer routines,and becomes distressed when changes

Question 12

prevelence

Answer 12

1 in 88

3-4 timeas as many instances in males then in females

Question 13

genetic contribution

Answer 13

-highly heritable

-hyndreds of genes identified

-mix of risk variants and de novo mutation

-donovo mutation more frequent with older parentd

Question 14

over-pruning hypothaisis

Answer 14

that to many neurons are preuned(cut) in the motor/sensory regions during development

8-16 yeard old with ASD have smaller brain volumes

Question 15

2. Growth dysregulation hypothaisis

Answer 15

the usually well-controlled processes of brain and orgaization go wry,leading to ASD symptom
-grow without guidance
-frontal/temporalcortext and amygdala
-2-4 yeards old withASD have larger brain volume

Question 16

mirror neurons

Answer 16

-fire when an indiviual makes goal-directed movment

-fire when an individual observes somoene else performing goal-direct movment

-may be a mechanism for social cognition

Question 17

mirror neuron system (MNS)

Answer 17

is a set of cortical regions with common selectivity for both action execution and action observation

Question 18

3.mirror neurons system (MNS) dysfunction

Answer 18

ASD children(high functionig) and controls imitated and observed emotional expressions during FMRI

activity in the anterior componant of the MNS was realiably greater in typically developing children

greater MNS activity predicts better social functioning

Question 19

4. different neural connectivity patterns

Answer 19

the ASD results from incresed local connectivity at the cost of decresed long-range connectivity

ASD children display greater spine
densities in the temporal lobes compared to neurotypicals,
especially in adolescence.

More spines implies more synapses.

Sib-as/ASD

Question 20

5. social cognitive theories

Answer 20

that ASD stem from an innateinnate lack of responsivness to social stimuli:ASD is a disorder of the social brain

-at 6 to 9 months gaze processing differences
-2 years decrese looking at the eyes

the problams have to do with sib-as are indistishgueble from neurotypicals

more eyes in 2 months

Question 21

sensory and perceptual processing thory

Answer 21

-there are sensory differences in Sib-As

7-month-old Sib-As are more sensitive to low
environmental stimulation than neurotypical siblings.

-ASD individuals are less prone to chnge blindness

Question 22

Pharmacological Interventions

Answer 22

intervation behavioral (not pharmological)AIBI:
someone who is trained stays with the child almost everyday to find stimulis that triggers problametic behaviour-expensive

-antidepressents
-atypical antipsychotic:treat irritability
-N-acetylcysteins(reduction irritibily)
-oxytocin-reduces social impairments