neurodiversity and ASD Flashcards
neurodiversity
refer to the concept that certain developmental disorders represent normal variations, and that people who have such features also have certain strenght
nurominorties
-applied developmental neurominorty
-clinical developmental neurominorty
-acquired neurominorty
-acquired neurominorty
guiding questions to help you identify neurodiversity
neurological componant:does the condition relates to brain structured and function
cognitive/behavioural componant:does the condition relate/ affect the individuals performence
disease
the biomedical mechanism for a condition in know
disorder
functional abnormality or disturbance at the organic level
disability
below avarage performence in a specific phycological/phsysical function
difference
atypical,but with no negative impact on fuctioning or wellbeing
autism spectrum disorder(ASD)
is a neurodevelopmental condition DSM diagnosis based on compromised development in two domain
1.social communication deficits
2.repetitive sensory-motor behaviors and fixated interests
DSM-5
a- must display 3 kinds of social and communication defecits
b-must display 2types of restricted/repetitive behaviour
-Stereotyped/repetitive speech/motor movements/ use of objects
* Excessive adherence to routines/ ritualized patterns/ resistance to
change
* Highly restricted interests that are atypical with respect to intensity/focus
* Atypical sensory stimulation / aspects of sensory environment
A.social and communication deficits
-deficits in differention between social (faces)and non-social stimuli
-lack of engagment with people,and enhance engagement with things
-back-and -forth between brain development and early experience
B.restricted/repetitive behaviors or interest
-preoccupation with one or more ssteryotyped and restricted pattern of interest that is atypical in intensity or focus
ex: with the wheel mechanisms of toy cars, rather than their ability
to move
-sometimes associated with savantism(draw from memory in a top view)
-prefer routines,and becomes distressed when changes
prevelence
1 in 88
3-4 timeas as many instances in males then in females
genetic contribution
-highly heritable
-hyndreds of genes identified
-mix of risk variants and de novo mutation
-donovo mutation more frequent with older parentd
over-pruning hypothaisis
that to many neurons are preuned(cut) in the motor/sensory regions during development
8-16 yeard old with ASD have smaller brain volumes
- Growth dysregulation hypothaisis
the usually well-controlled processes of brain and orgaization go wry,leading to ASD symptom
-grow without guidance
-frontal/temporalcortext and amygdala
-2-4 yeards old withASD have larger brain volume
mirror neurons
-fire when an indiviual makes goal-directed movment
-fire when an individual observes somoene else performing goal-direct movment
-may be a mechanism for social cognition
mirror neuron system (MNS)
is a set of cortical regions with common selectivity for both action execution and action observation
3.mirror neurons system (MNS) dysfunction
ASD children(high functionig) and controls imitated and observed emotional expressions during FMRI
activity in the anterior componant of the MNS was realiably greater in typically developing children
greater MNS activity predicts better social functioning
- different neural connectivity patterns
the ASD results from incresed local connectivity at the cost of decresed long-range connectivity
ASD children display greater spine
densities in the temporal lobes compared to neurotypicals,
especially in adolescence.
More spines implies more synapses.
Sib-as/ASD
- social cognitive theories
that ASD stem from an innateinnate lack of responsivness to social stimuli:ASD is a disorder of the social brain
-at 6 to 9 months gaze processing differences
-2 years decrese looking at the eyes
the problams have to do with sib-as are indistishgueble from neurotypicals
more eyes in 2 months
sensory and perceptual processing thory
-there are sensory differences in Sib-As
7-month-old Sib-As are more sensitive to low
environmental stimulation than neurotypical siblings.
-ASD individuals are less prone to chnge blindness
Pharmacological Interventions
intervation behavioral (not pharmological)AIBI:
someone who is trained stays with the child almost everyday to find stimulis that triggers problametic behaviour-expensive
-antidepressents
-atypical antipsychotic:treat irritability
-N-acetylcysteins(reduction irritibily)
-oxytocin-reduces social impairments
