Brain Dysfunction Affecting Memory; Alzheimer's Disease

Question 1

M.B case

Question 2

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

Answer 2

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy ( the removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes, including most of the hippocampus and amygdala

H.M received that

Question 3

retrograde amnesia

Answer 3

inability to retrive memories for some delimited period of time prior to that time at which the brain damage occurred

H.M had this

Question 4

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 4

inability to form new memories
of events occurring after the time at which the brain damage have occurred

H.M had also problem with this

Question 5

H.M short term memory

Answer 5

lasted 30 seconds

Question 6

digital span test

Answer 6

an individual is read a list of digits
(presented at a rate of 1 per second)
at the end of each sequence,the individual must recall them in order

1(add one more number per trial)
2,4(add one more number per trial)
4,5,6(add one more number per trial)

normal digit span range is 5-7, HM was 6 showing his short-term memory was not impared

Question 7

digital span +1

Answer 7

an individual is read a list of digits-presented at a rate of 1 per second
at the end of the sequence, the individual must recall them in order, then on the next trial are presented with the same sequence but with an extra digit added to the end

H.M long term memory was severely impaired :
most people around 15 after 25 trial
H.M no more then 8 after 25 trials

Question 8

implicit memory in H.M

Answer 8

although H.M performance on this task improved, he had no recollection of having performed previous tasks

Question 9

types of long term memory

Answer 9

-implicit
-explicit

Question 10

implicit memories

Answer 10

u do consciously remember stuff but gets better on, can not declare

Question 11

types of implicit

Answer 11

-procedural (skills and actions)
-conditioning
-prime

Question 12

explicit memory

Answer 12

you consciously remember stuff, you are able to declare it

Question 13

types of explicit memory

Answer 13

-episodic(experiences and events)
-semantic(knowledge and concepts)

Question 14

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 14

attributable to the brain demage as a result from Thiamine(vitamin B1) deficiency, this deficiency often accompanies pronloged heavy alcohol consuption(becomes worst)

Question 15

sympthoms

Answer 15

B1 deficity + prolong drinking:severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia,sensory and motor problems, extreme confusion, and personality changes

purely B1 definciety : severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 16

Dementia history

Answer 16

was once referred as any type of mental illness

Question 17

19th century

Answer 17

-turn into a terminal phase(once a person gets old and has mental illness is dementia)

-emil krapelin separated skisophrenia fromlate forms of dementia

-senile dementia (something alone for older people)

-irreversibility

Question 18

common dementias

Answer 18

1- Alzheimer’s disease (most common)

2- vascular Dementia: multiple small hemirrigin infarcts/little holes in the brain (very common as well)

3- Dementia with lewy bodies

4- frontal-temporal dementia (less common)- shrinking of the brain

5- parkisons’disease with dementia

Question 19

history of alzheimer

Answer 19

alois alzeherirm present of pre-senile dementia at conference with patient (August Deter)

Alzeihmer conduct a post mortem analysis on the patient reported presence of Senile plaques and Neurofibrillary

Answer 20

-very common in your 80’s goes up because people live longer?

-women have more (not due to longer life in women)

-depression,obsidity,smoking,low educational attainment ?

Question 21

rpogressive dissorder that results in dementia and death

Question 22

early symptoms

Answer 22

-selective decline in memory

Question 23

later symptoms

Answer 23

-confusion
-irritability
-anxiaty
-deteroration of speech

Question 24

advantanced stages

Answer 24

difficulties with even simple response
(swallowing ,bladder control)

Question 25

earlier- onset Alzeheimer’s (EOAD)

Answer 25

-disgnosis before the age of 65
- 5-10% of all alzeimers disses

Question 26

Late-onset alzeimer’s disease (LOAD)

Answer 26

-diagnosed after the age of 65
-90-95% of AD cases

Question 27

mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

Answer 27

cognitive symptoms that precede AD diagnosis (not definitive)

-not severe enought

Question 28

selective memory declines

Answer 28

first signs(MCI)
-short-term memory loss
-prospective memory issues

early:
-memory for new facts or episodes selectively affected
-less so :memory for older episodes,semantic memory,implicit memory

medium:
-long term episodic memories begins to be affected

Question 29

3 defining characteristic of alzeimer

Answer 29

1- Neurofibrillary tangles(tau)-tangles of protein(inside the cell)
2-Amyloid plaques(B-amyloid)-driven by stick b-amyloid
3-shrinkage of the brain (synapse loss and neuron loss)

Question 30

found in the temporal lobes(hippocampus specially

Answer 30

Neurofibrillary tangles(tau)-
2-Amyloid plaques(B-amyloid)ventral

Question 31

not necessarily people with amyoloid load will have ad

Question 32

biomarks

Answer 32

1-low beta-amyloid levels in cerebrospinal fluid
2-high tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid
3-decresed in hippcampul volume (MRI)
4- decreases in brain metabolism(pet )
5-amyvid and pet will highly if their to many plaques

Question 33

theories of how it unfoldes

Answer 33

1- amyloid cascade hipothais - beta changes happens first and cascades from that

2-neurofibrirary hipothasis

3-inflamation hypothesis (microglia)

Question 34

treatments

Answer 34

-acetycholinesterase to improve cognition

-NMDA-receptor antagonist improve cognition

anitibodies-aducanumab

-SSRI for symptoms of depression in AD

-atypical atipyschotic