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11 Pyschology > Schizophrenia P3 > Flashcards

Schizophrenia P3 Flashcards

1
Q

Positive symptoms

A

• hallucinations
• delusions

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2
Q

Negative symptoms

A

• abolition
• speech poverty

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3
Q

Results of Gottesman’s twin study/ family concordance rates

A

MZ twins = 48%
DZ twins = 17%
General population = 1%

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4
Q

Tienari’s adoption study

A
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5
Q

Polygenic model of schizophrenia

A

Many genes rais the risk of sz by a small amount rather than one gene being responsible for it all as some thought pervious to the genome studies

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6
Q

How does dopamine hypotheses explain positive symptoms of sz

A

High levels of dopamine (hyperdopaminergia) at D2 receptors in subcortex

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7
Q

How does dopamine hypotheses explain negative symptoms of sz

A

Low levels of dopamine hypodopaminergia at D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

Kenneth David

A
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9
Q

Glutamate

A
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10
Q

Evidence for dopamine

A
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11
Q

Adoption studies

A
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12
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

Suggests a vunrability to SZ and a stress trigger is needed to develop SZ

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13
Q

Meehls model

A
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14
Q

Modern understanding of diatheses

A
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15
Q

Modern understanding of stress

A
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16
Q

Houston’s studie

A
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17
Q

Two family dysfunction explanation to sz

A

Double bind
Expressed emotion

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18
Q

Double bind AO1

A
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19
Q

Expressed emotions AO1

A
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20
Q

Double bind strengths

A
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21
Q

Double bind limitations

A
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22
Q

Expressed emotions strengths

A
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23
Q

Expressed emotions limitations

A
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24
Q

Firth explanation for thought derailment

A
  • control control dysfunction
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25
Firth explanation for auditory hallucinations
- metarepresantions - inability to despiser thought from other ppl thoughts
26
Stirling task for matereprestaion
27
Bental task for central dysfunction
28
Limitations of bental and stroop task
29
Atypical antipsychotics
Clozapine: binds to dopamine receptors but also works on serotonin and glutamate. May improve mood and cognitive functioning (but potentially fatal agranulocytosis. Risperidone: most recent, binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than clozapine does, so smaller dose and fewer side effects.
30
Typical antipsychotics
Dopamine antagonists: chlorpromazine blocks dopamine receptors, reducing neurotransmitter activity and symptoms. Sedation effect: also acts as a sedative, calming effect (reduces anxiety).
31
Goals of CBT
32
Research for CBT
33
Benifits of CBT
34
Disadvantages of CBT
35
Disadvantages of CBT
36
Goals of family thérapie
37
Effectiveness of typical antipsychotics
• Thornley meta analysis • chlorpromazine vs placebo • better functioning • lower relaps • improvement to positive symptoms • effective for 60% of patients
38
Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics
* Maltzer meta analysis * clozapine vs typical and other atypical * more effective for positive and negative symptoms * effective for 1/2 of framing unaffected 40% * still 20% in effected
39
Effect size of all antipsychotics
0.5
40
Effect size of clozapine
0.9
41
Pros of drug therapies
• cheap • non distributive
42
Why CBT may be better than drug therapies
- provide coping techniques that can be used when sytoms occur - prevents feeling reliant on drugs and feelings of helplessness
43
frequency of Tardive dyskinesia when tacking Typical AP and atypical AP
Typical AP = 32% Atypical AP = 13%
44
Why exaggerated effect
• fail to publish negative findings • cherry pick from own studies • conduct bias trials
45
Quality + quantity of drug thérapie research
46
General aims and how token economy works
Operant condition Positive rendorment Tock end are secondary
47
Glowacki et all
48
Mc Monglan and Sultana
49
Appropriateness of token economy
50
Interactionist approach to schizophrenia
51
DSM compared to ICD
52
Cheniaux
Doctor nearly x2 as many diagnosis of SZ using ICD than DSM
53
Mojitabi and Nicholson
Issues in diagnosis 1
54
The hornet of the DSM
55
Osiris
0.97 inta rata relabibloty
56
Gender bias in diagnosis of SZ
57
Study done on gender bias in diagnosis of SZ
Hoye
58
Cultural bias in diagnosis of SZ
59
Symptom overlap in diagnosis of SZ
60
Co morbidity in diagnosis of SZ
61
Evolution of diagnosis and classification of SZ
62
aims of family therapy
- sz triggerd by expressed emotion - reduce expressed emotion (and reduce stress) - reduce risk of relaps
63
things they do in family therapy
- educate about the illness to imporve knowledge and behavoir - reduce guilt - teach family how to anticapte and solve the problem
64
reserch on effectiv ness of Family therapy (AO3)
- Anderson study * Drugs = 40% * Family therapy = 20% * Drugs + family therapy = 5% - famiy provided with skills to sopt sings of relaps qicker than meds - FT quicker than med wich take 2 months - combinded with medication relaps rate went down 1/2 - however exaggerated results from cilinal trials lack of blinding and randomisation - equally effective of CBT when added with medication (Joan meta analysis)
65
Pharoah et al. meta analysis (family therapy)
- relaps rate halved - hospital readmission %20 lower - medication compliance %60 higher - EE levels lower - meta analysis large sample size cilincal trial so had control - ecological valid - some studies didnt randomnise or blind
66
McCredies, doo familys want FT?
- 1/4 said yes and went - 1/4 said yes and didn't go - 1/2 denided - may be beacuse of inconveince and guilt - costly for NHS to run if no one shows up
67
CBT compared to FT
* Equally effective * Different target clients: CBT = patient, FT = family * FT less popular with clients, CBT has lower drop- out * CBT used to cope, FT used to avoid relapse

11 Pyschology (21 decks)

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