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11 Pyschology > Schizophrenia P3 > Flashcards

Schizophrenia P3 Flashcards

1
Q

Positive symptoms

A

• hallucinations
• delusions

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2
Q

Negative symptoms

A

• abolition
• speech poverty

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3
Q

Results of Gottesman’s twin study/ family concordance rates

A

MZ twins = 48%
DZ twins = 17%
General population = 1%

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4
Q

Tienari’s adoption study

A
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5
Q

Polygenic model of schizophrenia

A

Many genes rais the risk of sz by a small amount rather than one gene being responsible for it all as some thought pervious to the genome studies

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6
Q

How does dopamine hypotheses explain positive symptoms of sz

A

High levels of dopamine (hyperdopaminergia) at D2 receptors in subcortex

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7
Q

How does dopamine hypotheses explain negative symptoms of sz

A

Low levels of dopamine hypodopaminergia at D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

Kenneth David

A
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9
Q

Glutamate

A
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10
Q

Evidence for dopamine

A
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11
Q

Adoption studies

A
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12
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

Suggests a vunrability to SZ and a stress trigger is needed to develop SZ

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13
Q

Meehls model

A
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14
Q

Modern understanding of diatheses

A
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15
Q

Modern understanding of stress

A
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16
Q

Houston’s studie

A
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17
Q

Two family dysfunction explanation to sz

A

Double bind
Expressed emotion

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18
Q

Double bind AO1

A
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19
Q

Expressed emotions AO1

A
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20
Q

Double bind strengths

A
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21
Q

Double bind limitations

A
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22
Q

Expressed emotions strengths

A
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23
Q

Expressed emotions limitations

A
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24
Q

Firth explanation for thought derailment

A
  • control control dysfunction
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25
Q

Firth explanation for auditory hallucinations

A
  • metarepresantions
  • inability to despiser thought from other ppl thoughts
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26
Q

Stirling task for matereprestaion

A
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27
Q

Bental task for central dysfunction

A
28
Q

Limitations of bental and stroop task

A
29
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Clozapine: binds to dopamine receptors but also works on serotonin and glutamate. May improve mood and cognitive functioning (but potentially fatal agranulocytosis.
Risperidone: most recent, binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than clozapine does, so smaller dose and fewer side effects.

30
Q

Typical antipsychotics

A

Dopamine antagonists: chlorpromazine blocks dopamine receptors, reducing neurotransmitter activity and symptoms.
Sedation effect: also acts as a sedative, calming effect (reduces anxiety).

31
Q

Goals of CBT

A
32
Q

Research for CBT

A
33
Q

Benifits of CBT

A
34
Q

Disadvantages of CBT

A
35
Q

Disadvantages of CBT

A
36
Q

Goals of family thérapie

A
37
Q

Effectiveness of typical antipsychotics

A

• Thornley meta analysis
• chlorpromazine vs placebo
• better functioning
• lower relaps
• improvement to positive symptoms
• effective for 60% of patients

38
Q

Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics

A
  • Maltzer meta analysis
  • clozapine vs typical and other atypical
  • more effective for positive and negative symptoms
  • effective for 1/2 of framing unaffected 40%
  • still 20% in effected
39
Q

Effect size of all antipsychotics

A

0.5

40
Q

Effect size of clozapine

A

0.9

41
Q

Pros of drug therapies

A

• cheap
• non distributive

42
Q

Why CBT may be better than drug therapies

A
  • provide coping techniques that can be used when sytoms occur
  • prevents feeling reliant on drugs and feelings of helplessness
43
Q

frequency of Tardive dyskinesia when tacking Typical AP and atypical AP

A

Typical AP = 32%
Atypical AP = 13%

44
Q

Why exaggerated effect

A

• fail to publish negative findings
• cherry pick from own studies
• conduct bias trials

45
Q

Quality + quantity of drug thérapie research

A
46
Q

General aims and how token economy works

A

Operant condition
Positive rendorment
Tock end are secondary

47
Q

Glowacki et all

A
48
Q

Mc Monglan and Sultana

A
49
Q

Appropriateness of token economy

A
50
Q

Interactionist approach to schizophrenia

A
51
Q

DSM compared to ICD

A
52
Q

Cheniaux

A

Doctor nearly x2 as many diagnosis of SZ using ICD than DSM

53
Q

Mojitabi and Nicholson

A

Issues in diagnosis 1

54
Q

The hornet of the DSM

A
55
Q

Osiris

A

0.97 inta rata relabibloty

56
Q

Gender bias in diagnosis of SZ

A
57
Q

Study done on gender bias in diagnosis of SZ

A

Hoye

58
Q

Cultural bias in diagnosis of SZ

A
59
Q

Symptom overlap in diagnosis of SZ

A
60
Q

Co morbidity in diagnosis of SZ

A
61
Q

Evolution of diagnosis and classification of SZ

A
62
Q

aims of family therapy

A
  • sz triggerd by expressed emotion
  • reduce expressed emotion (and reduce stress)
  • reduce risk of relaps
63
Q

things they do in family therapy

A
  • educate about the illness to imporve knowledge and behavoir
  • reduce guilt
  • teach family how to anticapte and solve the problem
64
Q

reserch on effectiv ness of Family therapy (AO3)

A
  • Anderson study
  • Drugs = 40%
  • Family therapy = 20%
  • Drugs + family therapy = 5%
  • famiy provided with skills to sopt sings of relaps qicker than meds
  • FT quicker than med wich take 2 months
  • combinded with medication relaps rate went down 1/2
  • however exaggerated results from cilinal trials lack of blinding and randomisation
  • equally effective of CBT when added with medication (Joan meta analysis)
65
Q

Pharoah et al. meta analysis (family therapy)

A
  • relaps rate halved
  • hospital readmission %20 lower
  • medication compliance %60 higher
  • EE levels lower
  • meta analysis
    large sample size
    cilincal trial so had control
  • ecological valid
  • some studies didnt randomnise or blind
66
Q

McCredies, doo familys want FT?

A
  • 1/4 said yes and went
  • 1/4 said yes and didn’t go
  • 1/2 denided
  • may be beacuse of inconveince and guilt
  • costly for NHS to run if no one shows up
67
Q

CBT compared to FT

A
  • Equally effective
  • Different target clients: CBT = patient, FT = family
  • FT less popular with clients, CBT has lower drop- out
  • CBT used to cope, FT used to avoid relapse

11 Pyschology (21 decks)

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