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11 Pyschology > Biopsychology P2 > Flashcards

Biopsychology P2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does CNS do and made from

A

Central nervous system - Made up of the brain and spinal cord and the origin of all complex commands and decisions

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2
Q

all sections of the nervouse system

A

the central nervouse system
- the brain
- the spinal cohrd
the parietal nervouse system
- the somantic nevervouse system
- the authomatic nervouse system
* the sypathetic nervouse system
* the parasympathetic nervouse system

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3
Q

What does the PNS do

A

• sends info to the CNS from outside world via neuorns
• transmits messages from CNS to muscles and glands in the body

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4
Q

What does the somatic nervous systems do

A

• transmits information from receptor cells in the sense organs to the CNS
• receives information from the CNS that directs muscles to act.

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

• transmits information to and from internal bodily organs
• as the system operates involuntarily • consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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6
Q

Endocrine system

A

• instructs glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream
• hormones are carried towards target organs in the body
• Communicates via chemicals.

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7
Q

The purpose of a Sensory neuron

A

Allows to receive info from outside world through senses

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8
Q

Path of sensory neuron

A

Carries messages from PNS to the CNS

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9
Q

Structure of sensory neurons

A

Long dendrites and short axons

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10
Q

Relay neurons

A

Connect sensory neurones to motor neurones of other relay neurones, long dendrites and short axons (allows to think and perceive)

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11
Q

Path of relay neurons

A

Connects sensory neurons to motor neurons

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12
Q

Structure of realy neurons

A

Short dendrites and axons

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13
Q

Motor neurons path

A

Revceve impulses from CNS to muscles for contraction and gland secretion

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14
Q

Structure of motor neurons

A

Short dendrites and long axon

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15
Q

Structure of a neuron

A

Cell body, axon, dendrites, terminal buttons.

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16
Q

Action potential

A

When a neuron is activated by a stimulus, the neuron fires and creates an electrical impulse.

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17
Q

Glands

A

Organs in body that make hormones e.g. the thyroid gland produces thyroxine.

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18
Q

The pituitary gland

A

The ‘master gland’ in the brain controls the release of all other hormones in the body.

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19
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances in bloodstream that target specific organs e.g. thyroxine targets heart and metabolism

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20
Q

Fight or flight

A

The body becomes physiologically aroused in response to stress, to fight an aggressor or flee.

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21
Q

Adrenaline

A

hormone produced by the adrenal glands which is part of the human body stress response. It stimulating heart rate, contracting blood vessels and dilating air passages.

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22
Q

Sympathetic state v parasympathetic state

A

• heart rate
• breathing rate
• pupil size
• digestion
• rectum

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23
Q

Summation

A

Net effect of exit action and inhibition

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24
Q

synaptic transmission (5)

A
  • electrical signal travels through the neurone until it reaches the presynaptic terminal
  • this triggers the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles
  • defuse across the synapse
  • neurotransmitter is then taken in by a post synaptic receptor site on the dendrites of the next neurone
  • to be converted back into an electrical impulse
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25
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

The autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and the somatic nervous system

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26
Q

What’s a synapse

A

The gap between neurones

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27
Q

The end of the neurone

A

Presynaptic terminal which is in the axon

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28
Q

What happens when the electrical impulse reaches the end of the neurone

A

Triggers the release of neurotransmitter from the synaptic vesicles

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29
Q

Excitation and inhibition

A

Neurotransmitters either make the neighbouring neurone negative charged and less likely to fire or positively charged and more likely to fire

30
Q

Purpose of axons and dendrites

A

Axons takes signal to the synapse and dendrites take signal away

31
Q

Axonal sprouting

A

Undamaged axons grow new nerve endings to reconnect neurons whose links were injured or severed.

32
Q

Denervation supersensitivity

A

Axons that complete a similar job become aroused to compensate for those lost.

33
Q

Recruitment of homologous areas

A

Regions on opposite sides of the brain take on functions of damaged areas.

34
Q

Synaptic purging

A

As we age, rarely used connections are deleted and frequently used connections are strengthened.

35
Q

fMRI

A
  • Measure brain activity in specific areas
  • detecting associated changes in blood flow
  • when a brain area is active it consumes more oxygen
36
Q

EEG

A

A record of the brain wave patterns produced by thousands of neurons electical impulses, providing an overall account of brain activity

37
Q

ERPs

A
  • Isolating specific responses of neurons to specific stimuli or tasks
  • statistical techniques to identify the shape of a brain wave
38
Q

Post mortel examinations

A

Correlating behaviours before death with brain structures after death.

39
Q

4 techniques of studying the brain

A

FMRI
EEG
ERP
post mortem

40
Q

Strength and limitation of FMRI

A

S - doesn’t use radiation non invasive, high spatial resolution detail by mm good at showing where things are localised
L - expensive so smaller sample size and bad temporal resolution

41
Q

Strength and limitation of EEG

A

S - good at studying, sleep high temporal validity, cheaper
L - lack of spatial validity

42
Q

Strength and limitations of EPR

A

S - goodbspactial résolution can mesure nureal process
L - hard to limit extraneous variables, lack of standardisation in methology

43
Q

Post mortem strength and limitation

A

S -
L-

44
Q

localisation of function

A

The theory that different areas of the brain are responsible for different behaviours, processes or activities

45
Q

Motor area, location and function

A
  • frontal lobe
  • regulating movements
46
Q

Somatosensory area, location and function

A
  • Parietal lobe
  • process sensory info like touch
47
Q

Visual area, location and function

A
  • occipital love
  • receives and processed visual information
48
Q

Auditory area, location and function

A
  • temporal lobe
  • analyses speech based info
49
Q

Language areas, location and function

A

Broca’s area
- frontal lobe in left hemisphere
- speech production
Wernicke’s area
- temporal lobe in left hemisphere
- language comprehension

50
Q

Functional recovery

A
  • A form of plasticity
  • Following damage through trauma, the brain’s ability to redistribute or transfer functions usually performed by a damaged area to other, undamaged areas
51
Q

Brain plasticity

A
  • the brain will change and adapt as a result of growth and new learning
  • growth of synaptic connection peaks at age 2-3 with about 15,000 twice as much as an adult
  • rarly used synapes go through synaptic pruninig and frequently used are strengthed alowing for life long plasticity
52
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • ocipital lobe
53
Q

Who suggested the brained learned holistically

A

Lashley

54
Q

Hemispherical lateralisation

A

Certain mental processes are dominated by one hemisphere rather than the other

55
Q

Split brain research

A

• Corpus callosum cut in patients with severe epilepsy, allowing researchers to investigate the extent to which brain function is lateralised
• Image/word is projected to right visual field (RVF) or left visual field (LVF)
• describing what you see Pictures shown to RV could be described but not those to because no language centres in right hemisphere (connecte to LVF)
• recognition by touch Could not describe objects projected to LVF, but able to select a matching object from a selection of different objects using their left hand

56
Q

Endogenous pacemaker

A

Bodies internal biological clock

57
Q

Exogenous zeitgerbs

A

External changes in the environment

58
Q

Ultradian rhythms, circadian rhythms and infradian rhythms

A

ultradian - more than once every 24 hours (stages of sleep)
circadian - 24 hours cycle (sleep wake cycle)
infradian - less than one clyce every 24 hours such as menstruation

59
Q

Biological ryhthymes

A

Distinct patterns of changes in body activity that conform to cyclical time periods. Biological rhythms are influenced by internal-body clocks (endogenous pacemakers) as well as external changes to the environment (exogenous zeitbegers)

60
Q

What endogenous pacemaker governs the sleep/wake cycle

A

Suprachismatic nucleus that lies just above the optic chiasm which provides information from the eye about light

61
Q

main cave researcher

A

Michal Siffre

62
Q

Other cave reserch about circadian rhythms

A
63
Q

Suprachiamatic nucleus

A
64
Q

Animal studies on SCN

A

Destroyed SCN of 30 chipmunks and put them pack in wolf observed for 80 days many were eaten by predators as the sleep schedule was fuck and we’re awake/asleep at the wrong time

65
Q

What gland produces melatonin

A

Pineal gland

66
Q

They did loads of experiments on blind people and light as a que and things w knees and stuff

A
67
Q

What’s an infradin rythme

A

a cycle more than every 24 hours (menstration)

68
Q

What’s an ultradian rythme

A

a cycle less than 24 hours (stages of sleep)

69
Q

circaidium rythme

A

every 24 hours

70
Q

4 stages of sleep and brainwaves it produces

A
71
Q

Stages of the menstrual cycle

A
72
Q

Menstrual cycle experiment

A

11 Pyschology (21 decks)

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