Approaches P2 Flashcards
WUNDT INTROSPECTION
First psychology lab
Open by Wundt, where he created a new scientific approach
- introduced structialism
- allowed studies to be done in controlled enviroment
- psychology devleoped as a science for the first time
evolution of psychology
17th - 19th century
- branch of philosophy, experimental philosophy
1879
- wundt open his first lab
1900s
- freud and his psych
1913
- wastson and skinner established the behavoirst approach and become sthe dominate feild in psych for 50 years
1950s
- rodgers and maslowe develop the humanist approach which rejects behavoirism and psychodynamic
1960s
- cognitve approach
- compute becomes a metaphore for human mind
1960s
- Badura SLT a mix of behavoirst and cognitve
1980s
- biological appraoch due to technological advances
21st century
- cogntive neuroscince
- link between cognitve and biological
Wundts work
Introspection
- recorded and broke down conscious thought into basic structure of thought, images and sensations
- under controlled conditions with the same stimulus and standardised
Introspection method
Wundt wanted to develop theories about mental processes so he recorded experiences of different stimuli. He put these into three categories: thoughts, images and sensations. The stimuli was always presented in the same order with the same instructions
THE BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
Biological approach summary
All behaviour ultimately has a physical basis and to understand behaviour we must look at biological structure and processes of the body
4 explanations for behaviour biological approach
• genetic basis of behaviour
• neurochemical basis of behaviour
• evolution
• genotype and phenotype
Different degrees of relations
Monozygotic twins
Dizygotic twins
There’s more
biological structure
An arrangement or organism of parts to form a organ, system or living thing
Genes
- make up chromosomes
- consist of DNA which
- codes physical features and psychological features
- Genes are inherited
- test for genetic influnce by using twin studies
neurochemistry of biological approach
Relating to chemical in the brain that regulates psychological functioning
idk maybe wrtie some expamles i feel like there is more to say
evolution
The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
natural selection of genes based on survival value and reproduction success. It is known as “Survival of the Fittest”
Genotype
the particular set of genes someone has, actual genetic makeup
Phentoype
phenotype is how genes are expressed
THE COGNITIVE APPROACH
Cognitive approach
Believe internal mental process should be studied scientifically, study indirectly by making inference about behaviour, about our internal systems
Internal mental process
Private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response.
Schema
A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience.
Inference
The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour.
Cogntive neuroscince
The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
- first studies by Broca who linked mental state to biological structure
- recent years use brain imaging devices
cognitve approach and computer models
BEHAVOIRIST APPROACH
Behaviourist approach assumptions
- only study observed and measurable behaviour
- all behaviour is learned from experiences
- animals have the same basic processes as humans so can replace them in studies
- use lab studies
Classical conditioning
Pavlov
Learned by association, two stimulus are repeatedly paired together
Operant conditioning
Behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences (positive + negative reinforcement)
process of classical conditioning
- unconditioned stimulus (food) –> unconditioned response (salvation)
- neutral stimulus (bell) –> no conditioned response (no salvation)
- unconditioned stimulus (food) + neutral stimulus (bell) –> response (salvation)
- conditioned stimulus (bell) –> conditioned response (salvation)
Positive reinforcement
Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed increasing likelyhood of said behavoir
Negative reinforcement
Performing a certain behaviour in order to avoid a negative consequence, increase ,ikelyhood of said behavoir
Punishment
A unpleasant consequence to the behaviour, this decreases the likelihood of that behaviour reoccurring
strength and limmitations of Pavlov
strength and limmitations of skinner
SOCIAL LEARNING THEROY
SLT (social learning theory)
Like behaviourists believed behaviour is learned from experience but rather through observation and imitation of a role model, learning occurs directly and indirectly
The mediation process
Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response
bridge the gap between behavoirist and cognitive
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor reproduction
4. Motivation
Vicarious reinforcement
Reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing being reinforced for a behaviour (same sex model?)
Identification
When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model
• higher status
• simile characteristics
• doesn’t have to be present
SLT reserch
Bandura’s bobo doll
Modelling
Either imitating the behaviour of a role model OR the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that could be imitated by the observer
THE PSYCHODYNMAIC APPROACH
Imitations
Copying the behaviour of others
The psychodynamic approach
A perspective that describes the different forces, most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience
The ID the Ego and the super ego and age of development, what principle
ID
- the pleasure principle
- present at birth
- demands instant gratification
- unconsiouse
Ego
- the reality principle
- mediator between the ID and superego
- develops around 2
- uses defence mechanisms
Superego
- morality principle
- develops around 5
- represents the ideal self, how we ought to be
Psychosexual stages, ages, pleasure, conflict and consequence of unresolved conflict
Oral
- 0 to1 years
- the mouth, mother breast object of desire
- weaning
- oral fixation, smoking, biting, sarcasm
Anal
- 1 to 3 years
- the anus, withholiding and expelling feces
- toilet training
- anal retentive is perfectionist and obsessive, anal expulsive is thoughtless and messy.
Phallic
- 3 to 6 years
- pleasure in the genitals
- oedipus/ electra complex
- could have a phalic personality
Latent
- 6 to 12
- ealrier conflicts repressed
Genital
- puberty
- sexual desires
- not reselved may have trouble forming hetrosexual relationships
Defence mechanism
Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the superego
- denial
- repression
- displacement
Real world application of the psychodynamic approach
Introduced psychotherapy and psychoanalysis this treated psychologically rather than physically and founded talking therapies however not appropriate for everyone such as dream analysis for schizophrenics
the role of the unconcious
The conscious mind is the “tip of the iceberg”. Majority of mind in unconscious. It is a vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts that influence are behaviour. There are also repressed memories in the unconscious
THE HUMANIST APPROACH
the humanist approach
An approach to understand behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determination
- free will
Congruence
The aim of Rogerian therapy, when the self concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord or match and become ideal self
Conditions of worth
When a parent places limits or boundaries on their love of their children
Self actualisation
The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s full potential-becoming what you are capable of
- have to first meet the four lower levels of the period
Maslow hierarchy of needs
A five levelled hierarchical sequence in which basic needs must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can be achieved
1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love
4. Self esteem
5. Self actualisation
Practical application of behavoirism
- phobia treatment
- OCD
- tocken economy
- forensic
- schizophrenia
Strengths of behvoirism
- scientific credibility
- you need to be able to evulate behavoirism quite well cos i think u cld get a 16 marker on this lol
- scientific credibility as use quantitate data
- in lab conditions control over variables
- real world application, schools prisons and sz paitents with tocken economy
Limmitations of behavoirism
- oversimplified human thought process
- learning may be more complex that what is observable
- ignores the influence of free will
SLT practical application
- forensic, differntial association theroy
- phobias
Strngths of SLT
- acknowldeges congitivae facotrs through the role of the mediation process
- explain cultrial differnces in behavoir
Limitations of SLT
- bioloigcal influences under emphasied, mirroe neurones
- lab studies, demand characteristics
Strngths of the psychodynamic approach
- helped develop talking therapies
- influential
Limmitations of the psychodynamic approach
- talking therapies not appropriate for people with more seriouse mental illnesses
- subjective studies such as little hans wich is idographic and therfore limmited in its generlisability
- no free will
- not falsifiable so not empirical
strengths of humanist approach
- therapy
- person centerd therapy
- free will
- ideographic
- holistic
limitations of the humanist approach-
- lack scientific credibility and empirical evidence
- cultral bias
- therapy not suitable for more serious conditions
- ideographic
- holistic
strengths of the cognitive approach
- scieintific, lad studies
- soft determisim ig
- practical application
use of the schema
Becks cognitive triad
Bowlbys interal working model - forcesics, eyewitness testimony and things yeah cognitive interview
- WMM is beeter than MMS
- CBT
- exolains diseroderd thinking
- cogntive neuroscience
limitations of the cognitive approach
- relies on inderfnece and not direct observation
- artficial stmuli lacks external validity
- machine reductionism
limmitations of the biological approach
- too far on the nature side, doesnt consider nurture
- MZ / identical twins may be treated more similarly than DZ / non- identical twins, making MZ twins more similar in their behaviour for non- genetic reasons, so twin studies may exaggerate the influence of genes
- Brain scans can establish the neural correlates of the mind, but not the direction of causality between brain and behaviour/ thought
- determinist and ignores mediating effects of the enviroment
scientific credibility of the biological approach
- Drug trials are experiments, with random allocation to drug or placebo and blind procedures, which can establish whether a treatment actually works
- Twin and adoption studies are natural experiments in which genetic and environmental influences are separated, so reasonable causal conclusions can be drawn from studies using these methods
- Measurement using brain scans is performed by a machine, so is objective as it involves less human judgement
