Attachment P1 Flashcards
Reciprocity
- How two people interact
- how people respond to each others signals
- elicit responses from each other
Interactional synchrony
Caregiver and baby reflect both the actions and emotions of the other in synchrony
Alert phase
When babies signal they are ready to interact
Stages of attachment
- Asocial stage
- Indiscriminate stage
- Specific stage
- Multiple attachments
Asocial stage
Similar behaviour towards objects and humans but prefers humans, first few weeks.
Indiscriminate stage
2-7 months, definite preference for humans, some recognition.
Specific stage
From 7 months, attachment to one adult. Stranger and separation anxiety.
Multiple attachment
Shortly after specific attachment, display separation anxiety towards other caregivers too.
Schaffer and Emerson’s research
3 types of attachment
Secure attachment
Insecure avoidant
Insecure resistant
Secure attachment
• moderate proximity seeking
• moderate exploration/ secure base
• moderate stranger anxiety
• moderate separation anxiety
• strong response to reunion
Insecure avoidant
• low proximity seeking
• high exploration/ secure base
• low stranger anxiety
• low separation anxiety
• very weak response to reunion
Insecure resistant
• high proximity seeking
• low exploration/ secure base
• high stranger anxiety
• high separation anxiety
• low response to reunion
Cupboard love
Based on the biological approach I think about how love is only developed because the caregiver is a provider of food
Strange situation procedure
Procedure has 7 episodes
1. Baby encouraged to explore - tests exploration and secure base
2. A stranger comes in, talks to the caregiver and approaches the baby - tests stranger anxiety
3. The caregiver leaves the baby and stranger together - tests separation and stranger anxiety
4. The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves - tests reunion and exploration/ secure base behaviour
5. The caregiver leaves the baby alone - tests separation anxiety
6. The stranger returns - test stranger anxiety
7. The caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby - tests reunion behaviour
Learning theory (behaviourist) as an explanation of attachment
Cupboard love - uses classical condition, baybe associates the pleasure of being fed with thier caregiver forming love
Operant conditioning - baby’s cry as their behaviour is reinforced when the mother comforts them
Attachment is a secondary drive hunger is a primary drive
Lorenz
Findings - the incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere and the natural group followed their mother, even when they were mixed up. This called imprinting. There is a critical period where I printing needs to take place
Sexual imprinting
The species you imprint on at birth is the species you will be sexually attracted to later, peacock raised around giant tournoises only wanted to then fuck giant tournoises
Harlow procedure
- about contact comfort
- reared 16 baby monkeys with two wire monkeys as mothers, one clothed and one not
- two conditions, milk was d’essences from the wire monkey or the cloth monkey
Harlow findings
The monkeys cuddles with the cloth mother over the wire mother no matter which one dispensed milk showing contact comfort is more important than food when it comes to attachment
Critical period for normal development Harlow
Found that the monkey had to be introduced within 90 days in order for attachment to form
Maternally deprived monkeys as adults
- didn’t developed normal social behaviour
- more agressive
- had less sex and were ‘unskilled’
- were really shit mothers sometimes neglecting or attacking their children
Bowlby’s monotropic theory
- rejected learning theory as an explanation of attachment
- evolutionary image system that gives survival advantages
- emphasis and special relationship with PAF
- the more time spent with the PAF the better
Bowlbys social releases
Baby’s have innate cute behaviour ‘social releases r’ to get adults to starch to them
Bowlbys critical period
Around 6 months where infants are more sensitive to attachment
Bowlbbies internal working model
Infant has a representation of the relationship with thier PAF which then serves as a model for the child’s later relationships especially with thier future children
Studies about early attachment effecting later relationships
Wilson and Smith 1998
Not finished flash card studies abt attatcent type affecting billing
There’s quite a few of these studies sort it out bruv but tonight I’m too tired sorry
The role of fathers studies
Grossman et al
Longitudinal studie where babies attatchment was studied until they were teens, found that the quality of attatchment with the mother was a good predictor of later relationship but the father had less effect, quality of play with father had greater effect
Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenbrg
Procedure: meta analysis comparison of attachment types in 32 studies in eight countries
Findings: Found more variation of attachment type within same country than between countries
Other curtal variations studies
Simonelli et al. Half secure and a third insecure–avoidant in Italy.
Jin et al. Most secure and a substantial minority insecure–resistant in Korea.
Conclusions Secure attachment the norm across a range of cultures (innate). Some variation linked to cultural practices
Maternal deprecation
Prolonged separation from PAF that results in lack of emotional care
Bowlby’s 44 thief study
Examined the link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprecation
Procedure: 44 teen thieves were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy, then their family was also interviewed to see if the thieves went through prolonged separation control group were non criminal but emotional disturbed
Findings: 14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths 12/14 had experienced prolonged separation, only 5 of the other 30 thieves had experience prolonged separation, 2/44 in control group experienced prolonged separation
Effects of prolonged separation
Stunted intellectual and emotional development
Rutter at al. Procedure
- followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans who had been adopted by UK families
- a group of 52 children from the UK served as a control group
- they were assessed for physical, cognitive and emotional development every couple of years
Rutter et al. Finding
Adopted after 6 months will exhibit disinhibition attachment and lower IQ when assessed at 11 before 6 months had 102 and after 6 months had 86 on average
Zeanah et al research
Assessing 95 Romanian children aged 12-31 months who had spent their lives institutionalised
- compared to a control group of 50 children who had never been institutionalised
- assessed using strange situation and cares we’re asked for songs of disinhibited attachment
Zeanah et al finding
Institutionalised: 19% securely attached 44% disinhibited
Control group: 74% securely attached
>20 disinhibited
Effects of institutionalisation
- disinhibited attachment
- intellectual disability (this can be reversed if adopted before 6 months as Ritter said)
Disinhibited attachment
Being equally friendly to strangers, no stranger anxiety
Ritter explained this to adapting to living with multiple caregivers during critical period
cultral vairations in attatchment A03
strengths
limmitations
