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11 Pyschology > Methods P2 > Flashcards

Methods P2 Flashcards

1
Q

Independent variable

A

What is manipulated by the researcher or changes natrually to test its effect on the dependant variable

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2
Q

Dependant variable

A

What is measured by the researcher and influenced by the independent variable

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3
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Everything that could effect the DV that’s not the IV
- they do vary sustematically with the IV

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4
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Any variable, other than the IV, that may have effected the DV, so we cannot be sure of the true source of changes to the DV. Confounding variables vary systematically with the IV

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5
Q

3 examples of extraneous variable

A

• participant variable
• situation variable
• investigator effects

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6
Q

When do you use non-directional hypothesis?

A

When there is no previous research

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7
Q

Aim

A

A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate
To investigate weather…

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

A clear, precise, testable statement that states the relationship between the variables to be tested. Stated at the beginning of the study

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9
Q

Direct hypothesis

A

States the direction of the differences or the relationship between tested groups

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10
Q

Non-direct hypothesis

A

Does not state the direction of the relationship

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11
Q

Operationalisation

A

Clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

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12
Q

Confounding variable

A

A type of EV accept it varies systematically with the IV. Therefore one doesn’t know if change in DV is IV of confounding variable

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13
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Any cue from the researcher or the research situation that may be interpreted by the participant as revelling the purpose of the investigation. This may lead to a participant changing their behaviour within the research situation

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14
Q

Investigator effect

A

Any effect from the investigator’s behaviour on the DV, could be anything from dessign of study, selection and interation with particpants

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15
Q

Randomisation

A

Chance methods to to control effect of bias

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16
Q

Standardisation

A

Using same procedures for all participants

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17
Q

Different types of validity

A

External validity
Internal validity
Ecological
Temporal
Population

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18
Q

Different types of observations

A

• naturalist
• controlled
• covert
• overt
• participant
• non participant

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19
Q

BPS code of ethics

A

• respect
• competence
• responsibility
• integrity

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20
Q

Experimental group desing (3 + 1)

A
  • independent group design
  • repeated measure
  • matched pair desing, random allocation
  • counter blaencing
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21
Q

Independent groups

A

Different groups of participants in different conditions

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22
Q

Repeated measure

A

The same group of participants go through all different conditions

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23
Q

Matched pairs

A

Screen participants in order to match them in pairs with similar attributes that are being tested/ have and effect on the DV, split the pair to experience the two different conditions

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24
Q

Counter balancing

A

splitting the group in half so one group experince the condition s in one order and the other half in the other order
- attemt to control order effects

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25
Q

BPS code of ethics

A

A quasi-legal document instructing psychologists in the UK about acceptable behaviour in experiments based around respect competence responsibility and integrity

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26
Q

5 different types of sampling

A

• random sample
• systematic sample
• stratified sample
• opportunity sample
• Volunteer sample

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27
Q

Random sampling

A

All members of target population have equal chance of being selected

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28
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Every nth member of target population is selected

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29
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Composition of the sample reflects the proportion of people in certain subgroups

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30
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Takes anyone willing and available

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31
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

Participants select themselves i.e in a response to an add

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32
Q

Different types of experiments (4)

A

• lab experiment (in the lab)
• field experiment (in natural setting control over IV)
• natural experiment (IV would have happens without researcher)
• quasi-experiment (variables exist i.e they are old)

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33
Q

Laboratory experiment

A
  • takes place in an controlled environment
  • the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effects on the DV
  • maintaining strict control of extraneous variables
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34
Q

Field experiment

A

In the natrual environment of the participant like the street

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35
Q

Natural experiment

A

When the IV would have happened with or without the researcher

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36
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Where the variables just exist already like age

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37
Q

Correlation

A

An association between two co variables

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38
Q

Co variables

A

Unlike DV or IV co variable aren’t trying to show a cause and effect relationship

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39
Q

Curvilinear relationship

A
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40
Q

Meta analysis

A

The process of combining findings from a number of studies in a particular topic to produce an overall statistical conclusion

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41
Q

Ethical evaluation

A

Deception
Consent
Protection from harm

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42
Q

Difference between correlation and experiment

A

Correlation is not causal relationship ?

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43
Q

Naturalistic / controlled observation

A

Naturalistic is in the natural environment of participant whist controlled is in artificial setting

44
Q

Covert / overt observation

A

Covert is observing participants without consent in a public setting whilst overt observation is when a participant has given informed consent

45
Q

Participant / non-participant observations

A

Participant is when the observer becomes a part of the group whilst non participation observation is when the researcher remains separate to the group

46
Q

Random allocation

A

Randomly assigned rolls to avoid bias

47
Q

Evaluate structured interview

A
48
Q

Evaluate unstructured interview

A
49
Q

Evaluate semi-structured interview

A
50
Q

Pilot study

A

A small scale version of an investigation that takes place beforehand to check that the procedures, materials and instructions work. It also allows the researchers to make any necessary changes

51
Q

Single blind and double blind procedures

A

Single blind - participants don’t know the aim or which condition of the experiment their in
Double blind - both the researcher and participant don’t know

52
Q

Measure of central tendency

A

Mean
Median
Mode

53
Q

How do you find the mean, median, mode?

A
54
Q

Measure of dispersion

A

Range
Standard deviation

55
Q

What is standard deviation

A
56
Q

Scattergram

A

Represents the strength and relationship between co variables in a correlation analysis

57
Q

Bar chart

A

Frequency represented by height of bars

58
Q

Histogram

A

Where the area of the bars represent the frequency, X axis starts at zero and is continuous

59
Q

Effect size

A

Overall statistical measure of relationship across variables in a meta-analysis

60
Q

Meta analysis

A

A number of research studies that have investigated the same area of review

61
Q

Quantitive and Qualitative data

A

Quantitive - numbers
Qualitative - expressed in words

62
Q

Sampling methods in observational design

A

event sampling - counting the number of times a particular event happened

time sampling - recording behaviour in a pre established time frame, what is the subject doing at every 30 seconds

63
Q

What do behavioural catorgires mean?

A
64
Q

Nominal data

A

Data represented by categories

65
Q

Ordinal data

A

Data ordered in some way, for example rate out of 10, this lacks precision and is subjective

66
Q

Interval data

A

Based on numerical scales that include units of equal precisely defined data

67
Q

Interval data

A

Based on numerical scales that include units of equal precisely defined data

68
Q

3 pieces of information you need for a sign test

A
  1. Need to be looking for a difference not an association
  2. Need to use a reappeared measure design
  3. Need to be using nominal data
69
Q

When is the results of a sign test significant

A

The calculated value need to be the same or bigger than the critical value

70
Q

3 things you need to find the critical value

A
  1. Significance level (usually 0.05 unless human cost or a one time thing)
  2. No. of participants
  3. Wether hypothesis is one tailed (directional) or two tailed (non - directional)
71
Q

what is the point of a statistical test?

A

to find out is a difference or association is significant

72
Q

what three pieces of information do you need to determine which statistical test to do?

A
  1. is it a differnce or correlation
  2. if it is a differnce what experimental design is used
  3. the level of mesurment (nominal, ordinal or interval)
73
Q

mnemonic used to remember all the statisitcal tests

A

carrots should come
mashed with swede
under roast potatoes

74
Q

carrots should come mashed with swede under roast potato

A

chi squared, sign test, chi squared
man whitney, wilcoxon, spearman’s rho
unrelated t test, related t test, pearson’s r

75
Q

the speficic passge of writing you should use when declareing which statisitcal test to use

A

ugh

76
Q

one tailed and two tailed hypotheses

A

One tailed, directional
Two tailed, non directional

77
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Number between -1 and +1 that indicates the strength and direction of correlation

78
Q

Case studies

A

• investigation into a single group or individual
• use a combination of data collection methods

79
Q

Internal validity

A

Did the researcher measure what they intended to measure, was the change in the DV due to the IV and not another factor such as demand characterises

80
Q

External validity

A

Ecological validity (other settings)
Population validity etc

81
Q

Face validity

A

Does it appear to measure what it intends to measure?

82
Q

Concurrent validity

A

The extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure.

83
Q

The threshold correlation between two sets of scores of the same variable to be considered valid

A

+ .80

84
Q

Validity

A

The extent the experiment measures what it intends to mesure

85
Q

Way of assessing validity

A

Concurrent and face validity are measures of validity

86
Q

Improving validity

A

• control groups
• standardisation
• single blind and double blind procedures
• lie scale in questionairs
• covert observation
• qulaitavite lees open to interpretation

87
Q

Test retest

A

To test for reliability by assessing the same person on the the same test on two separate occasions

88
Q

Inter observer reliability

A

The extent of the agreement between two or more observers, this is measured using correlation. No of agreements / no of observation > +.80 then the data has high inter observer reliability

89
Q

How to do a sign test

A
90
Q

How to do Spearmen’s rho

A
  1. Rank in table lowest to highest
  2. Calculate the difference and then square in each pair
  3. Put into rho equation
  4. Compare with critical value
91
Q

Content analysis

A

Observational research where pp are studied indirectly via communications they have produced

92
Q

Coding in content analysis

A

The initial stage catorgrising large amounts of data into meaningful units to produce quantative data

93
Q

Thematic analysis

A

Any idea that keeps cropping up

94
Q

Steps of content analysis

A
95
Q

What is the null hypothesis

A

Opposite to the alternative hypothesis that stars there will be no difference between the different conditions

96
Q

What you need to know to use the table of Cristal values

A

• is it one tailed or two tailed
• number of participants in study
• level of significance (usually 0.05)

97
Q

Type 1 error

A

Incorrectly accepting the alternative hypothesis and rejecting the bill hypothesis

98
Q

Type 2 error

A

Incorrectly rejecting the alternative hypothesis and accepting the null hypothesis

99
Q

Sections of a scientific report

A
  • abstract
  • introduction
  • method
  • result
  • discussion
  • referencing
100
Q

How to do wilcoxen test

A
101
Q

Paradigm

A
102
Q

Paradigm shift

A
103
Q

Falsfiflablity

A
104
Q

evaluation of qualative data

A
105
Q

evaluation of quantitive data

A

11 Pyschology (21 decks)

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