Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

11 Pyschology > Methods P2 > Flashcards

Methods P2 Flashcards

1
Q

Independent variable

A

What is manipulated by the researcher or changes natrually to test its effect on the dependant variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dependant variable

A

What is measured by the researcher and influenced by the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Everything that could effect the DV that’s not the IV
- they do vary sustematically with the IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Any variable, other than the IV, that may have effected the DV, so we cannot be sure of the true source of changes to the DV. Confounding variables vary systematically with the IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 examples of extraneous variable

A

• participant variable
• situation variable
• investigator effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When do you use non-directional hypothesis?

A

When there is no previous research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aim

A

A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate
To investigate weather…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypothesis

A

A clear, precise, testable statement that states the relationship between the variables to be tested. Stated at the beginning of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Direct hypothesis

A

States the direction of the differences or the relationship between tested groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non-direct hypothesis

A

Does not state the direction of the relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Operationalisation

A

Clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Confounding variable

A

A type of EV accept it varies systematically with the IV. Therefore one doesn’t know if change in DV is IV of confounding variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Any cue from the researcher or the research situation that may be interpreted by the participant as revelling the purpose of the investigation. This may lead to a participant changing their behaviour within the research situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Investigator effect

A

Any effect from the investigator’s behaviour on the DV, could be anything from dessign of study, selection and interation with particpants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Randomisation

A

Chance methods to to control effect of bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Standardisation

A

Using same procedures for all participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Different types of validity

A

External validity
Internal validity
Ecological
Temporal
Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Different types of observations

A

• naturalist
• controlled
• covert
• overt
• participant
• non participant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

BPS code of ethics

A

• respect
• competence
• responsibility
• integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Experimental group desing (3 + 1)

A
  • independent group design
  • repeated measure
  • matched pair desing, random allocation
  • counter blaencing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Independent groups

A

Different groups of participants in different conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Repeated measure

A

The same group of participants go through all different conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Matched pairs

A

Screen participants in order to match them in pairs with similar attributes that are being tested/ have and effect on the DV, split the pair to experience the two different conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Counter balancing

A

splitting the group in half so one group experince the condition s in one order and the other half in the other order
- attemt to control order effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
BPS code of ethics
A quasi-legal document instructing psychologists in the UK about acceptable behaviour in experiments based around respect competence responsibility and integrity
26
5 different types of sampling
• random sample • systematic sample • stratified sample • opportunity sample • Volunteer sample
27
Random sampling
All members of target population have equal chance of being selected
28
Systematic sampling
Every nth member of target population is selected
29
Stratified sampling
Composition of the sample reflects the proportion of people in certain subgroups
30
Opportunity sampling
Takes anyone willing and available
31
Volunteer sampling
Participants select themselves i.e in a response to an add
32
Different types of experiments (4)
• lab experiment (in the lab) • field experiment (in natural setting control over IV) • natural experiment (IV would have happens without researcher) • quasi-experiment (variables exist i.e they are old)
33
Laboratory experiment
- takes place in an controlled environment - the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effects on the DV - maintaining strict control of extraneous variables
34
Field experiment
In the natrual environment of the participant like the street
35
Natural experiment
When the IV would have happened with or without the researcher
36
Quasi experiment
Where the variables just exist already like age
37
Correlation
An association between two co variables
38
Co variables
Unlike DV or IV co variable aren’t trying to show a cause and effect relationship
39
Curvilinear relationship
40
Meta analysis
The process of combining findings from a number of studies in a particular topic to produce an overall statistical conclusion
41
Ethical evaluation
Deception Consent Protection from harm
42
Difference between correlation and experiment
Correlation is not causal relationship ?
43
Naturalistic / controlled observation
Naturalistic is in the natural environment of participant whist controlled is in artificial setting
44
Covert / overt observation
Covert is observing participants without consent in a public setting whilst overt observation is when a participant has given informed consent
45
Participant / non-participant observations
Participant is when the observer becomes a part of the group whilst non participation observation is when the researcher remains separate to the group
46
Random allocation
Randomly assigned rolls to avoid bias
47
Evaluate structured interview
48
Evaluate unstructured interview
49
Evaluate semi-structured interview
50
Pilot study
A small scale version of an investigation that takes place beforehand to check that the procedures, materials and instructions work. It also allows the researchers to make any necessary changes
51
Single blind and double blind procedures
Single blind - participants don’t know the aim or which condition of the experiment their in Double blind - both the researcher and participant don’t know
52
Measure of central tendency
Mean Median Mode
53
How do you find the mean, median, mode?
54
Measure of dispersion
Range Standard deviation
55
What is standard deviation
56
Scattergram
Represents the strength and relationship between co variables in a correlation analysis
57
Bar chart
Frequency represented by height of bars
58
Histogram
Where the area of the bars represent the frequency, X axis starts at zero and is continuous
59
Effect size
Overall statistical measure of relationship across variables in a meta-analysis
60
Meta analysis
A number of research studies that have investigated the same area of review
61
Quantitive and Qualitative data
Quantitive - numbers Qualitative - expressed in words
62
Sampling methods in observational design
event sampling - counting the number of times a particular event happened time sampling - recording behaviour in a pre established time frame, what is the subject doing at every 30 seconds
63
What do behavioural catorgires mean?
64
Nominal data
Data represented by categories
65
Ordinal data
Data ordered in some way, for example rate out of 10, this lacks precision and is subjective
66
Interval data
Based on numerical scales that include units of equal precisely defined data
67
Interval data
Based on numerical scales that include units of equal precisely defined data
68
3 pieces of information you need for a sign test
1. Need to be looking for a difference not an association 2. Need to use a reappeared measure design 3. Need to be using nominal data
69
When is the results of a sign test significant
The calculated value need to be the same or bigger than the critical value
70
3 things you need to find the critical value
1. Significance level (usually 0.05 unless human cost or a one time thing) 2. No. of participants 3. Wether hypothesis is one tailed (directional) or two tailed (non - directional)
71
what is the point of a statistical test?
to find out is a difference or association is significant
72
what three pieces of information do you need to determine which statistical test to do?
1. is it a differnce or correlation 2. if it is a differnce what experimental design is used 3. the level of mesurment (nominal, ordinal or interval)
73
mnemonic used to remember all the statisitcal tests
carrots should come mashed with swede under roast potatoes
74
carrots should come mashed with swede under roast potato
chi squared, sign test, chi squared man whitney, wilcoxon, spearman's rho unrelated t test, related t test, pearson's r
75
the speficic passge of writing you should use when declareing which statisitcal test to use
ugh
76
one tailed and two tailed hypotheses
One tailed, directional Two tailed, non directional
77
Correlation coefficient
Number between -1 and +1 that indicates the strength and direction of correlation
78
Case studies
• investigation into a single group or individual • use a combination of data collection methods
79
Internal validity
Did the researcher measure what they intended to measure, was the change in the DV due to the IV and not another factor such as demand characterises
80
External validity
Ecological validity (other settings) Population validity etc
81
Face validity
Does it appear to measure what it intends to measure?
82
Concurrent validity
The extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing similar measure.
83
The threshold correlation between two sets of scores of the same variable to be considered valid
+ .80
84
Validity
The extent the experiment measures what it intends to mesure
85
Way of assessing validity
Concurrent and face validity are measures of validity
86
Improving validity
• control groups • standardisation • single blind and double blind procedures • lie scale in questionairs • covert observation • qulaitavite lees open to interpretation
87
Test retest
To test for reliability by assessing the same person on the the same test on two separate occasions
88
Inter observer reliability
The extent of the agreement between two or more observers, this is measured using correlation. No of agreements / no of observation > +.80 then the data has high inter observer reliability
89
How to do a sign test
90
How to do Spearmen’s rho
1. Rank in table lowest to highest 2. Calculate the difference and then square in each pair 3. Put into rho equation 4. Compare with critical value
91
Content analysis
Observational research where pp are studied indirectly via communications they have produced
92
Coding in content analysis
The initial stage catorgrising large amounts of data into meaningful units to produce quantative data
93
Thematic analysis
Any idea that keeps cropping up
94
Steps of content analysis
95
What is the null hypothesis
Opposite to the alternative hypothesis that stars there will be no difference between the different conditions
96
What you need to know to use the table of Cristal values
• is it one tailed or two tailed • number of participants in study • level of significance (usually 0.05)
97
Type 1 error
Incorrectly accepting the alternative hypothesis and rejecting the bill hypothesis
98
Type 2 error
Incorrectly rejecting the alternative hypothesis and accepting the null hypothesis
99
Sections of a scientific report
- abstract - introduction - method - result - discussion - referencing
100
How to do wilcoxen test
101
Paradigm
102
Paradigm shift
103
Falsfiflablity
104
evaluation of qualative data
105
evaluation of quantitive data

11 Pyschology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions