schizophrenia Flashcards
what is psychosis
(or psychotic episode) break from reality
-realist is subjectively define, but there is some commonality
can occur in all five senses
where can hallucinations exist and examples
- all five senses
1) auditory: hearing voices in head
2) visual: see things not there, can be pain or extreme (things not real)
3) touch: feels like something is there that is not
4) taste: gustatory, think you are eating/tasting something when you are not
5) smell: olfactory
so what do hallucinations mean
you can essentially live in a fantasy world because hallucinations exist in all senses
-psychosis is intense and believable
what happens in break from reality
we cannot respond to environment
-inappropriate and maladaptive responses to environment
what can cause psychosis
drug induced/organic or a psychological event (depression, etc)
what are delusions
persistent and false beliefs
- this word is overused in society
- real ones can be bizarre or non-bizarre
what is psychosis a symptom of
schizophrenia (not caused by drugs)
what are some stats about schizophrenia
1/100 have it (3.6 million Americans)
- split evenly between men and women
- average onset is early 20s (23 for men and 28 for women)
- there does exist childhood onset
- decreases life expectancy by 10-20 years
what can schizophrenia do
- renders person incompatible with society (cannot function well in society)
- hard for family to deal with and expensive (increases risk of suicide and physical illness)
what groups are more at risk for schizophrenia
higher rates in lower SES
- people with it drift down to lower SES neighborhoods because expensive care and cannot hold jobs
- not because lower SES increases risk
what are the two kinds of symptomology for schizophrenia
positive and negative
positive symptomology (pathological excess) for schizophrenia?
- hallucinations, delusions, loose associations (cannot respond the right way)
- neologism: use of fake words
- perseveration (keeps repeating concept or words)
- rhyming/clang associations (going to a random subject but cannot trace back to why)
- heightened perceptions, senses are being over ran
- inappropriate affect (observable expressions of emotion)
negative symptomology (limiting function or ability) for schizophrenia?
- alogia: no speech or less speech
- restricted or flat affect (no emotions, extends to voice)
- avolition: loss of motivation to do things, extremely depressed
- social withdrawal (rejected)
what is it about the positive negative symptom distinction
it is loose, things can be argued for either side
biological aspect of schizophrenia
there are so many genes involved in schizophrenia, very complicated so we are back to the drawing board and there exist many different types of it
actual meaning (words) of schizophrenia
split mind
- lack of ability to make connections or associate things in the world
- cannot know if things are real or not
what happens when people with schizophrenia are put in fMRI
evidence that they are experiencing emotion
-this is a bad finding, shows these people are suffering
what is the third category of symptoms for schizophrenia
psychomotor symptomology (involves the body and body movements)
what do the psychomotor symptoms look like for schizophrenia
difficulty making movements, awkward movements, faces can freeze in place (may be OCD in nature)
-catatonia: groupings of types of movements
what are the different kinds of catatonia in schizophrenia
slupor: person acts drunk, stutters stumbles
rigidity: person stuck in position
waxy flex positioning: can position and move them and they will stay there (do it)
excitement: person is jittery and fast moving
what is the biology etiology of schizophrenia
genetics (heritability) and/ or biochemical neural network (predisposition)
- there are strong genetic ties that lead to schizophrenia
- potentially 281 genes involved
what is the dopamine hypothesis
theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine
how was the dopamine hypothesis developes
antihistamine story with parkinsons disease, increasing dopamine made these people better so why not do the opposite for schizophrenia
what did the dopamine hypothesis lead to
development of antipsychotic drugs
what are antispsychotic drugs
drugs that help current distorted thinking
what are phenothazines
group of antihistamine drugs that became first group of anti psychotic meds
- did not work for everyone
- did not work for everyone at same rate, so gave some people more of the drug than others, they eventually developed parkinsons and symptoms of it (tardive dyskinesia)
what is the psychodynamic theory of schizophrenia
parents that instill poor coping mechanisms can lead to development
- can cause schizophrenia
- a prior belief was schizophrenogenic mother
what is a schizophrenogenic mother
type of mother (cold, domineering and uninterested in needs of her children) who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child
explain the course of schizophrenia
prodromal / early symptomology: gradual increase of positive symptoms, weird behavior
active: combo of positive and negative symptoms
residual: symptoms decrease overtime and becomes episodic
- 75% stay in residual phase (becomes part of character)
- 25% recover completely
what is the typical duration of schizophrenia (draw on paper too)
usually 6 months but can be much longer
what could the residual effect imply
a biological difference between people
difference between bizarre and non-bizarre delusions
non-bizarre: possible, but not real
bizarre: impossible based on common reality
both are resistant to information
what are the themes of delusions
persecution, reference, grandeur, and control
explain persecution theme of delusions
everyone against you in general
-resistance to evidence on the contrary
explain reference themes of delusions
think things are in reference to us but are actually not
- thinking there are signs for you in billboards
- not religion, religion is more interpretation
explain grandeur themes of delusions
thinking there are really important things going on and they are connected to you
-you have power, connections and abilities you do not have
explain control themes of delusions
think you have control over things you do not
difference between delusions and hallucinations
hallucinations in 5 senses (Not real but experience it like it is) delusions are beliefs in something
what does it mean if you have a full recovery from schizophrenia
it probably developed from stress
two types of schizophrenia
type 1 and type 2
what is type 1 of schizophrenia
dominated by positive symptomology
- pathological excess
- when it is dominated by positive, it tends to have a better prognosis (better survival chances)
- 80-85% of cases
what is type 2 of schizophrenia
-dominated by negative symptoms
what is the evidence there are different kinds of schizophrenia
- based on different drug treatment success
- dopamine hypothesis
what is brief psychotic disorder
brief episode of psychosis
- delusions, confusion, hallucinations,
- not drug induced
- happens in 20s to 30s
- could be postpartum induced (society shames you for this) or caused by trauma
why is it good that brief psychotic disorder exists
because symptoms do not always have to be diagnosed as schizophrenia
what is schizophreniform disorder
“hypo” schizophrenia
- not as severe as actual schizophrenia
- low level, does not meet time requirements and tends to be not as extreme
what is schizoaffective disorder
- has to deal with emotion/mood
- combo of schizophrenia with mood disorder
- these two things do not cause one another (independently operating)
what is delusional disorder
- disorder dominated by delusions
- persecution, reference, etc
- cause clinically significant impairment
what are somatic delusions
person is preoccupied with body (around diseases and disorders)
ex. certain soap chemicals age your body
ex. ear is going to fall of
what is nihilism delusion
when you believe everyone is non-existent
- in a dream, we’re in the matrix
- people will do impulsive things with no restraint, because do not think they are there
what is thought broadcasting delusion
when you think you can broadcast your thoughts and other people can hear and respond
-also can feel like people can hear your thoughts and you do not have control over them (can cause anxiety and withdrawal)
what is thought insertion delusion
you believe that people are inserting thoughts into your head
what is Folie a deux
-shared paranoia or psychotic disorder
“insanity of two”
-weird revision of contagion
ex. husband has delusion wife is cheating (when she is not), wide eventually believes she is too and gets her own delusions
