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PY205 > notes in class test 2 > Flashcards

notes in class test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what can give us anxiety and what can these things be considered

A

war, tests, public speaking, relationships (judgment, rejection, etc), the future/unknown, money & bills, responsibilities

-all of these are worry or fear

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2
Q

are anxiety and fear helpful or harmful

A

they can be both helpful or harmful
-helpful when it protects you

ex. leaving a party that eventually gets busted when “something doesn’t feel right”

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3
Q

what is the difference between anxiety and fear

A

there is a fine line between them
-fear comes when there is a real threat whereas anxiety is more vague than a real threat

ex. tiger enters room
fear: this tiger will eat me
anxiety: if this tiger eats me i cant study for my test on thursday

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4
Q

how do fear and anxiety affect the body

A

they both affect the body in the same way

-anxiety is the same reaction someone would have in a life-threatening situation

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5
Q

what are the physical symptoms for anxiety and fear

A

stomach, jumpiness, tingling, jitters, sweating, lightheaded, hold breath/difficulty breathing, heart pounding, stiff back

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6
Q

what are the cognitive symptoms for fear and anxiety

A

-worry, dead, apprehension about the future, loss of control, worry about everything, hard to think when this stuff happens- people often think they will die or world will end

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7
Q

what are the behavioral symptoms for fear and anxiety

A 
avoidance behavior (avoid thinking these things which could actually make it worse)
ex. avoid studying for test, then its too late to study which makes you anxious

cling/dependent behaviors (can affect relationships)

agitated behavior

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8
Q

what does it mean when someone says anxiety is a cycle

A

these disorders are vicious cycle, anxiety causes clingy behavior which affects relationships which make you anxious

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9
Q

what are anxiety disorders characterized by in the DSM

A

excessive and maladaptive anxiety reactions

  • depends on person and situation
  • both of these descriptors are hard to establish
  • *have to look for clinically significant impairment**
  • usually across more than one setting
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10
Q

can someone ever diagnose themselves with something

A

no because we are biased and cannot be trusted

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11
Q

what can make us prone to anxiety

A

1) traumatic childhood
- children cannot gain perspective so things are extra traumatic (don’t understand explanations)
- parents who work with kids in positive and predictable ways provides security and teaches what they can/cant control in life

2) social contributions
- our environment (where we grow up)
- social stressors (racism, sexism, etc)

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12
Q

what do all of the acronyms mean (Sx, Px, etc)

A 
Sx= symptoms
Px= problems
Hx= history
Bx= behavior
Tx= treatment
Rx=prescription
Dx=diagnosis
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13
Q

is it fair to assume are physiological responses are valid

A

no, not always true

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14
Q

what is generalized anxiety disorder

A

persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
-maladaptive, usually clinically significant impairment

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15
Q

how many people report generalized anxiety disorder

A

18% of population reports it

-29% of population will develop disorder, but only 1/3 of these people will receive treatment

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16
Q

what do people do if they dont get help for anxiety

A

cope in healthy or unhealthy ways

ex. getting self help books vs. doing drugs
ex. college students drink a lot to reduce anxiety

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17
Q

what constitutes GAD

A
  • for 6 months or more: disproportionate, uncontrollable anxiety
  • distressful, causes impairment, and three symptoms (tense, on edge, poor sleep, etc)
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18
Q

what are the sociocultural effects (theory) of GAD

A

poor people are more likely to develop anxiety

  • there is also less qualified clinicians in this area and poor health insurance (insurance affects how mental health is treated, wealthier people don’t have to worry about it)
  • race, ethnicity and sex play a role as well

explain the graduated cylinder analogy

  • there are generalized things in life that cause anxiety, go up and down with daily life
  • those in poverty start at a different point (in a heightened society that makes them more pre-disposed to anxiety)
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19
Q

what is the psychodynamic theory for anxiety

A

Freud hypothesized that all kids face anxiety because at first they have no awareness and will do anything

  • when they begin to see consequences of their actions this causes anxiety (this is called realistic anxiety)
  • overprotective parents when their kid gets hurt might reinforce their kids behavior because the kid gets attention this way (usually happens when parents dont give attention)
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20
Q

what is neurotic and moral anxiety in the psychodynamic theory

A

neurotic: prevented from experiencing our impulses
moral: occurs when we are punished for our impulses (ex. kids being shamed when they are potty training for having an accident)

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21
Q

what contributes to longer lasting anxiety in psychodynamic theories

A

if defense mechanisms of children are not effective in relieving anxiety

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22
Q

what is the humanism theory of anxiety

A
  • anxiety comes when humans don’t have an honest or accepting perspective of themselves
  • without unconditional positive regard: lower self esteem and more self judgement
  • allowed to make mistakes, have to own them and change them in the future
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23
Q

what is the cognitive behavioral theory of anxiety

A
  • anxiety comes from problematic behaviors and the way we think about them (dysfunctional thoughts)
    ex. thinking “I need to be perfect”

-maladaptive or irrational assumptions about reality or yourself in that reality

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24
Q

what is meta-worry

A
  • worrying about worrying
    ex. taking out causes of anxiety, and leaving the symptoms is enough to cause anxiety
  • disorder creates the thing it needs to perpetuate itself (anxiety causes anxiety, full circle)
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25
Q

what are the biological theories of anxiety and the GABA neurotransmitter

A

genetic predispositions towards higher levels of anxiety (biology does make an impact)

GABA neurotransmitter exists in the fear circuit, anxiety could be caused by not enough of this
-prefrontal cortex and amygdala also help in fear (fight, flight, or freeze)

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26
Q

what happens because of GABA in regards to anxiety

A

there are drug therapies to reduce anxiety (benzodiazepines)

  • valium: anxiety drug that is addictive and has high withdrawal (past used drug, lower now but still used) people using this drug had high rates of suicide
  • then went to zanax (less addictive, but still addictive, not as intense of a withdrawal)
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27
Q

what is a phobia

A

intense and persistent fears that are resistant to information (irrational fears)

    • a fear without knowledge is a good things**
      ex. you should be afraid when you see a snake unless you are a snake doctor and know its not harmful
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28
Q

explain the stipulations of species having specific biological predispositions

A
  • through our evolutionary path we all should be concerned/fearful about things with specific themes (storms, blood, animals, etc)
  • so phobias are only diagnosed with clinically significant impairment
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29
Q

how can there be some “healthy” and “unhealthy” fears

explain chart as well

A

phobias are subjectively defined

phone normal fear

30
Q

what is a specific phobia

A

irrational fear of specific thing

31
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

called “fear of the marketplace”, fear of a public place where escape might be difficult

32
Q

why is agoraphobia separated from specific phobia

A

phobias cause flight, fight or freeze reaction (kind of like panic attack) but for no reason, you cannot have these without being noticed (sweating, heavy breathing, mimics heart attack so other people call 911)

  • you can develop agoraphobia from specific phobias because of the bad reactions (kind of like a meta-phobia that prevents people from going out, phobia of phobias)
  • agoraphobia is often an indication of how severe a specific phobia is (but can have it on its own)
33
Q

what percent of the population has specific phobias

A

10% and they exist for all sorts of things

34
Q

what is the difference between reactive and endogenous onset of mental illness

A

reactive: coming from an environmental thing (suffering from trauma, etc.), present, in the moment, something just happened
endogenous: comes from internal causes, personality, who you are, outlooks, etc. has a slower onset

35
Q

explain some stats about phobias (who is more likely to get it and treatment stats)

A

women are more likely to develop phobias than men
-very few people receive treatment because the treatment entails facing the phobia which is very scary and their phobia feels so real and normal/natural (the treatments for phobias are being presented to the thing you are afraid of)

ex. people barely raise hand in class and say they are confused because of fear of criticism (public speaking/performance anxiety)

36
Q

what is the most reinforcing thing

A

the removing of pain
-we learn quickly how to get rid of pain

-we avoid things with a phobia, this causes us to avoid the pain and discomfort that what we fear brings, this is reinforcing behavior

37
Q

what is social anxiety disorder

A

fear of social situations, worry about being criticized/scrutinized

  • has to be clinically significant impairment
  • fear of negative evaluation or offending other people
38
Q

what are the treatments for phobia

A

exposure therapy and systematic desensitization coupled with relaxation techniques
flooding: giving person what they fear immediately, more intense and repeatedly

39
Q

what are the treatments for social anxiety disorder

A
  • some exposure training (presenting patient to social situations)
  • some anxiety meds
  • mindfulness techniques
40
Q

what may people with social anxiety disorder lack

A
  • social skills training

- antisocial parents can cause kids to have similar problems

41
Q

social media affect on social anxiety disorder

A

comparison of likes, fear of being scrutinized on social media exists as well
-increases anxiety

42
Q

what are the symptoms of panic disorder and how many do you have to have to be diagnosed

A

4 and must cause impairment
heart palpitations, tingling of limbs/hands/feet, shortness of breath, sweating, hot/cold flashes, chest pain, faintness, dizziness

43
Q

explain the feeling of unreality as a symptom of panic disorder

A

derealization: reality feels strange and alien
depersonalization: your self feels strange and alien

(dissociative)

44
Q

when do panic attacks usually occur and what are some general stats about them

A
  • usually in absence of real threat but body reacts like there is
  • happens to 3% of population, 5% experience a panic attack at least once, more common in white people, only 50% of people get treatment
45
Q

how do clinicians diagnose panic disorder

A

because panic disorders can lead to agoraphobia
diagnosis panic disorder with out without it

insight? the person knows it is a panic disorder, there is not actually a threat -> this can lead to agoraphobia which is the fear of panic attacks happening in public

46
Q

what are some things that must be true for panic disorder to be diagnosed

A
  • happen repeatedly in panic disorder (cannot be sporadically)
  • need 1 month of this dysfunction to be considered for treatment
47
Q

what are some instances where people might think they are having a panic attack but are not

A

misattribution/learning how to regulate feelings

  • experiences where people think they have panic disorder but don’t
    ex. carsick, think it is anxiety; kids regulate their NS and throw up
48
Q

what is affect

A

observable expressions of emotion

49
Q

what happens pre-therapy vs post-therapy with panic disorders

A

pre-therapy there is an extreme rise to panic,
post therapy the hope is the rise to panic is more gradual and becomes little things adding up and working on those little things so that they eventually never lead to panic at all

show diagrams if necessary

50
Q

how does biology play a role in panic disorder

A

panic attacks caused by abnormal norepinephrine activity (misfiring of neurons)

  • amygdala having imbalances
  • predispositions also exist (maybe back in the day people with more anxiety were good hunters and that trait got pass on, could be evolutionary)
51
Q

what are the drug therapies for panic disorder

A
  • to reduce physiologically and calm person down, doesnt cause full recovery but can allow people to easily go into public
  • benzodiazepines
  • some people report that just having the meds makes them feel better
52
Q

explain cognitive behavioral theory and panic disorder

A

not just biology, misattribution -> we think there is a catastrophe because our body is telling us there is one (the only way to fix this is fight, flight or freeze)

-body sensations misinterpreted and dispositions to anxiety play a role too (anxiety sensitivity can come from parens and how they attended to needs)

53
Q

explain cogntiive therapy and panic disorders

A
  • works with person to address misattributions
  • panic attacks are natural, it is just unnatural to have them in certain situations
  • teach them how to cope with and manage stress
54
Q

what is OCD

A

made up of obsessions and compulsions

obsessions: persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses that are invasive
compulsions: repetitive and rigid behaviors patterns

55
Q

what is the difference between clinically obsessed and obsessed

A

obsession is focusing on something in general,

clinical obsession is when the thoughts are hard to control and they prevent you from focusing on other things

56
Q

what is the purpose of compulsions

A

we feel as though compulsions reduce the anxiety that comes from obsessiveness

  • removal of pain is extremely reinforcing
  • does not actually stop obsessive thought, just pauses it, so a vicious cycle that causes the disorder
57
Q

what is one of the most common OCD

A

cleanliness, handwashing, etc

in extreme cases people will wash their hands with bleach until the skin comes off

58
Q

what is OCPD

A

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

-people repack and unpack suitcase because it has to be perfect based on their personality

59
Q

how can obsessions feel voluntary and how is OCD different than “routine”

A

once you have a routine of doing something a certain way and then are forced to do it another way it can feel like an obsession/ feel uncomfortable

ex. sleeping a certain way- when sleeping a different way it feels uncomfortable (OCD is feeling like this but multiplied)

60
Q

when does OCD start and what does it need in order to be diagnosed

A

during childhood and then develops overtime

repeating, take up a lot of time and be a clinically significant impairment (impairment and distress)

61
Q

do a lot of people with OCD get treatment

A

no because many think that it is normal and nothing is wrong

62
Q

what happens when you try to stop obsessions

A

anxiety gets worse the longer you hold off

63
Q

what are the themes of obsessions

A
  • dirt/contamination (has always been a concern)
  • violence/aggression (survival, defending self)
  • religion (afterlife concepts, Thanatos principle, why we’re here)
  • orderliness (knowing where things are)
  • sexuality
64
Q

what are some characteristics of compulsions

A

voluntary behaviors, but feel involuntary/ mandatory

-most people know that they are unreasonable (insight), but thoughts and anxiety tells you to do it anyways

65
Q

how do compulsions alleviate anxiety

A

performing the behaviors alleviates the anxiety and it takes away pain which is extremely reinforcing (becomes a ritual)

66
Q

what are the themes of compulsions

A

cleaning, checking, touching, verbalizing, counting and ordering

67
Q

what is checking

A

looking at/for certain things

ex. pimples

68
Q

what is verbalizing

A

saying things out loud

69
Q

do you need to have obsessions to have compulsions

A

no, you can have one or the other or both

70
Q

what are hoarding disorders

A

getting rid of things creates anxiety, so things you have pile up

71
Q

what is Trichotillomania

A

hair pulling / twisting disorder

-pulling out eyebrow hairs one at a time

72
Q

what are other examples of compulsions

A

skin pulling disorder and body dysmorphic disorder (Michael Jackson, over focus on body, take extreme measures to fix/remediate part of body)

PY205 (13 decks)

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