Salmon Kurlansky Flashcards
setnetter
a fishnet that is anchored in position rather than drifted, trawled, or manipulated by hand. Location 130 Ole came up to Bristol Bay and crewed with a setnetter for the six-week sockeye salmon run. It was a modest income compared to shearing, but the run fell outside the shearing season and he could see that if he owned his own boats and hired crews, he could make very good money in what was, for him, the off-season. MD - set netter- it’s set in place, not drifting - anchors, not trawled (dragged on the back of a boat), and not manipulated by hand.
MD - setter by the net in volleyball the net in volleyball is ancored in position (attached to the two poles) rather than drifted (show the net moving with the current, squiggly arrow), trawled (show the net being dragged by a boat), manipulated by hand show someone’s hand.
Bristol Bay
is the eastern-most arm of the Bering Sea in Southwest Alaska. “Thirty million or more sockeye salmon enter Bristol Bay every July and race for the rivers and to their birthplaces, producing offspring and then dying, one of the wonders of nature. The season I went out with Ole, 2017, was a record year with 56.5 million sockeye running—2018, with a run of 62.3 million, was even better. No one knows exactly why some years are so much better than others. In 2019 the strong run came in again, 55.7 million fish, but the unprecedented heat of the Alaska summer killed off an unknown number of salmon.” (use screen shot)
MD - If the Berring sea is were trying to steal the bay it would extend its eastern most arm, into Southwest Alaska - makees the image of an arm reaching to the east
heavy metal
Heavy metals are a group of metals and metalloids that have relatively high density and are toxic even at ppb levels [16]. Examples include Pb, As, Hg, Cd, Zn, Ag, Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pd, and Pt. These metals are released into the environment by both natural and anthropogenic sources such as industrial discharge, automobiles exhaust, and mining. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and have tendency to accumulate in living beings. In fact, most of them are known to be potential carcinogens. Location 141 Pebble Mine, poses a significant threat to the salmon run. The toxic tailings of chemicals and heavy metals would be permanently stored behind dams that, if they ever leaked—which has happened in other such mines— could destroy the salmon run. The mine, opposed by most of the locals as well as some elected leaders, has become an international cause célèbre. Tiffany, the elite jeweler, is among the active opponents. “In 2003, we started to think that Pebble Mine was the mining controversy of all mining controversies,” said former Tiffany CEO Michael Kowalski. Ole’s MD - show a heavy metal rock concert with fans, the closer ones are metals (metal heads) and the ones farther way are metalloids (sort of metal fans), fans the band’s sound is relatively dense compared to other genres, even with 1 billion and toxic even just being there, even for the mettaloids far away.
tailing
the noneconomic rock that is part of the ore and left behind after the valuable part is extracted. tailings the residue of something, especially ore. Location 141 Pebble Mine, poses a significant threat to the salmon run. The toxic tailings of chemicals and heavy metals would be permanently stored behind dams that, if they ever leaked—which has happened in other such mines— could destroy the salmon run. The mine, opposed by most of the locals as well as some elected leaders, has become an international cause célèbre. Tiffany, the elite jeweler, is among the active opponents. “In 2003, we started to think that Pebble Mine was the mining controversy of all mining controversies,” said former Tiffany CEO Michael Kowalski. Ole’s MD - corgi tail it’s perfect! entire corgi is the ore, the tail is the tailing and the entire corgi is the valuable mineral or metal extracted for
maximum sustainable yield
The concept of Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) has been used in fisheries science for about a century and is defined as the highest average catch that can be continuously taken from an exploited population (= a stock) under average environmental conditions. Location 199 In the 1930s in New Jersey, the concept known as “maximum sustainable yield” was first asserted. The idea was to determine the total number of fish that could be harvested and still allow the fishery to maintain its stocks. A healthy fish population produces more fish than it needs to maintain its population, “a harvestable surplus,” and if a fishery is limited to this surplus, the stock will be maintained. By the late 1950s and early ’60s, when Alaska was establishing its state-managed fisheries, maximum sustainable yield was the standard way to manage fisheries; it has remained so around the world. (For more about maximum sustainable yield, see the appendix.)
harvestable surplus
One of the factors a biologist considers is the “harvestable surplus,” or the number of individuals that can be harvested from a fish or game population without affecting the long-term stability of that population
Location 199 In the 1930s in New Jersey, the concept known as “maximum sustainable yield” was first asserted. The idea was to determine the total number of fish that could be harvested and still allow the fishery to maintain its stocks. A healthy fish population produces more fish than it needs to maintain its population, “a harvestable surplus,” and if a fishery is limited to this surplus, the stock will be maintained. By the late 1950s and early ’60s, when Alaska was establishing its state-managed fisheries, maximum sustainable yield was the standard way to manage fisheries; it has remained so around the world. (For more about maximum sustainable yield, see the appendix.
MD - Maximum sustainable yield line show three fish that would naturally die from lack of food, and show another three fish that are produced. Eating these three fish would not put a dent in the population.
sportsmen vs. commercial fisherman
sportsmen fish with fishing rods while commercial fisherman fish with nets.
“Salmon, though wily creatures that can evade the flies and lures of sportsmen, are easy prey for commercial fishermen because once they approach their native river, they all head in the same direction, driven by nature’s most powerful mandate: to reproduce. This makes them fools for traps and nets of most any kind, and this is exactly why conservationists are friendlier to sportsmen than commercial fishermen.”
MD Lebron james (sportsmen) refusing to shoot because the net is too big. Too easy - commercial fishing.
bycatch
Alaska. Chris Miller During the sockeye run, there is little bycatch. A certain amount of other salmon species, kings and chums, are caught, as are a few Dolly Varden (which is a char). Peter Pan bought the sockeye for a dollar a pound and kings for fifty cents a pound. This is striking, considering the price of Alaskan sockeye in Seattle, San Francisco, New York, or Boston. At the time, it was between thirty-five and forty-five dollars a pound. Kings are even more valuable.
MD - the prefix “by” denotes nearness. Like innocent bystanders.
setnetting vs. driftnetting
Both are gillnets, but driftnetting is not anchored in place. At least one side is not anchored as one of the sides must be attached to a boat in Alaska.
But the beaten-up and trampled salmon of Bristol Bay setnetters is the bottom tier of Alaska salmon, despite being one of the last purely wild runs with no hatchery fish mixed in. Setnetting has the cheaper boats and the cheapest permits. While both set and driftnets are similar gillnets, nets designed to catch fish by the gills as they try to swim through the net, driftnetting is a far more refined operation. If you have the money to invest in driftnetting and take care with the fish, even in Bristol Bay a far higher price is.
MD - use the same volleyball image for driftnetting
nascent
coming or having recently come into existence.
“Her father was a lawyer. She earned a master’s degree in biology and came to Alaska to work on nascent hatcheries.”
MD - nasir - latin; nacer - Spanish to be born. something born has come or recently come into existence.
Nascent comes from “nascens,” the present participle of the Latin verb nasci, which means “to be born.” It is a relative newcomer to the collection of English words that derive from that Latin verb. In fact, when the word nascent was itself a newborn, in the first quarter of the 17th century, other “nasci” offspring were already respectably mature. “Nation,” “native,” and “nature” had been around since the 1300s; “innate” and “natal,” since the 1400s. More recently, we picked up some French descendants of “nasci”: “née” in the 1700s and “Renaissance” in the 1800s. Our newest “nasci” word? It may well be “perinatology,” which was first used in the late 1960s to name the specialized branch of medicine concerned with childbirth.
sockeye salmon
: a commercially important Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that is greenish blue above and silvery below when sexually immature and turns red with a greenish head when ascending rivers to spawn which it does chiefly from the Columbia northward.
The fish Thea catches, Copper River sockeye salmon, are a premier product in part because they are very well marketed, but also because they are very well cared for. They start out as a superior salmon, and are kept that way. Salmon have tremendous diversity, not only in two distinct genera and eight different species, but even within a single species such as king or sockeye. Every river produces a slightly different fish. Sockeye generally travel farther on any river than other species because they spawn near lakes so that their young can retreat into the lakes to grow.
Desirability of salmon depends on…
The longer the trip upriver. Salmon that face a long and arduous trip upriver are better built with more fat to live on.
“Salmon that face a long and arduous trip upriver are better built with more fat to live on. The rivers of Bristol Bay, such as the Nushagak, are not particularly long or difficult, and so Bristol Bay salmon, despite their fabled abundance and the purity of genes without any hatcheries, are not one of the more prized salmon.”
Copper River
a 300 mile river in south-central Alaska.
The Copper River winds 300 miles through rapids, rugged turns, and falls, and the salmon that come in to spawn there are fine specimens.
Prince William Sound
Prince William Sound is a sound of the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its largest port is Valdez, at the southern terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.
There are other salmon stocks in Prince William Sound that spawn in smaller rivers, and these fish do not command the price of Copper River salmon. Many of the greatest American salmon rivers—the Columbia, the Snake, the Sacramento, and the greatest Atlantic salmon river in the United States, the Connecticut —are all longer, but they have been destroyed. Among the remaining rivers a number are longer than the Copper. The Yukon, the third-longest river in the United States, is far longer and produces excellent sockeye, as does the Fraser in British Columbia, which is almost three times as long as the Copper.
The Ukon
The Yukon River (Gwich’in: Ųųg Han or Yuk Han, Yup’ik: Kuigpak, Inupiaq: Kuukpak, Southern Tutchone: Chu Nìikwän) is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The river’s source is in British Columbia, Canada, from which it flows through the Canadian Yukon Territory (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river lies in the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is 3,190 kilometres (1,980 mi)[2][3] long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta.
There are other salmon stocks in Prince William Sound that spawn in smaller rivers, and these fish do not command the price of Copper River salmon. Many of the greatest American salmon rivers—the Columbia, the Snake, the Sacramento, and the greatest Atlantic salmon river in the United States, the Connecticut —are all longer, but they have been destroyed. Among the remaining rivers a number are longer than the Copper. The Yukon, the third-longest river in the United States, is far longer and produces excellent sockeye, as does the Fraser in British Columbia, which is almost three times as long as the Copper.
Fraser
The Fraser River /ˈfreɪzər/ is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver.[
There are other salmon stocks in Prince William Sound that spawn in smaller rivers, and these fish do not command the price of Copper River salmon. Many of the greatest American salmon rivers—the Columbia, the Snake, the Sacramento, and the greatest Atlantic salmon river in the United States, the Connecticut —are all longer, but they have been destroyed. Among the remaining rivers a number are longer than the Copper. The Yukon, the third-longest river in the United States, is far longer and produces excellent sockeye, as does the Fraser in British Columbia, which is almost three times as long as the Copper.
Why driftnets are no longer allowed to drift.
They can drift away and continue to catch fish till they become to heavy and sink.
“While setnets are anchored in position, driftnets are no longer allowed to drift either because that was disastrous. The nets could drift away lost and still continue to catch fish until they became so heavy they would sink. Driftnets became particularly problematic around 1939 when the DuPont Company, shortly after inventing nylon, invented the single-strand plastic fishing line known as monofilament. Monofilament does not deteriorate. Today in Alaska, driftnets are required by law to have one end fixed to the boat at all times, so they only drift at one end and not far. They are made of a braided six-strand polymer, which occasionally breaks or wears out. This has created a minor industry in Cordova where net menders earn forty dollars an hour.
MD - use the driftnet illustration
rogue wave
Rogue waves are unusually large, unexpected and suddenly appearing surface waves that can be extremely dangerous, even to large ships such as ocean liners.
The greatest danger is a rogue wave—a huge wave seemingly from nowhere that upends the boat. A human cannot live for long in these icy waters. A memorial that is hard to avoid is on Cordova’s main pier with plaques to the fishermen who have died. One or two plaques get added every year. They often say, “Killed by a wave.”
MD - think of a samarai going rogue, think of the japanese art of huge solitary wave. large unexpected and suddenly apperaing surface waves.
What are the 6 toxicity generating heavy metals identified by the World Health Organization?
lead, arsenic, copper, chromium, zinc and cadmium. Several scientific data report that water, soil, vegetables, crops and dust in a close distance to the mining areas have been highly polluted by lead, arsenic, copper, chromium, zinc and cadmium. These heavy metals are the main toxicity-generating elements for living beings identified by World Health Organization (WHO)
CCC (think of cc (cubic centimeter and the third C emphasizing 3 dimensiality) LAZ (Lazaro in the garden finding the 5 heavy metals)
Where are heavy metals?
Heavy metals, like arsenic, lead, mercury, and others, are all around us. They’re in the ground we walk on, in the water we drink, and in the products we use every day. But high levels of most heavy metals can make you sick. Heavy metals are naturally present in earth crust and rocks. These can be extracted as minerals from various ores such as sulphides of lead, iron, mercury, cadmium, arsenic or cobalt [7]
leaching
(with reference to a soluble chemical or mineral) drain away from a material by the action of percolating liquid, especially rainwater:
MD - draw a pic of percolating water moving through soil, make soil look like a leg and show blodline getting sucked by the water at the bottom. blood has chemicals and minerals in it.
Leaching of heavy metals into lakes, rivers and oceans, due to weathering of rocks and volcanic eruptions and mining processes, can cause serious pollution by affecting its surrounding areas via acid rains.
MD - a leach as a percolating liquid drains away blood, with leaching the water (shaped like a leach sucks the soluble chemicals or minerals from soil, ash, or similar material. show the blood leaving the material of the skin representing ash, soil, or similar material.
The pebble deposit
The Pebble deposit is a massive storehouse of gold, copper, and molybdenum, located in the headwaters of two of the eight major rivers that feed Bristol Bay.
MD - Think of a massive quantity of fruity pebbles (gold, copper, and molybdenum) located under ground in the shape of the flentstone house. and through two windows head spew water that moves through the house into Bristol Bay.
ore
a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted. recoverable ore 10,780,000,000 MD (pic of the pebble mine) - corig drawing same one used for tailing.
bleeding (a fish)
Bleeding is one of the simplest ways to improve salmon quality and take away that “fishy taste” from frozen fish by further reducing bacterial spoilage. As
“The salmon were fat and silver and beautiful, and had not yet shown signs of the color changes of freshwater spawning. These were fresh ocean sockeye at their optimum moment for human consumption. Thea bled every salmon with either a quick tear to one gill or by stabbing a gill. Some gillnetters have a bleed tank where they toss the bled fish for a while to further drain them of blood, but she has no deck space to spare for a bleed tank. The ultimate is pressure bleeding—compressed water is shot through the anus flushing all the blood from the body, which pours out the gills. A purse seiner hauls their net in Chatham Strait, Alaska.
MD - removing the blood line in swordfish. that area has a fishy taste.
hatcheries (fish)
A fish hatchery is a place for artificial breeding, hatching, and rearing through the early life stages of animals—finfish and shellfish in particular.
The obvious advantage of hatchery fish is that while they are being raised they are protected from predators and other calamities. In their formative stages, wild salmon have a very high death rate; only a few make it to sea. The great idea of hatcheries is that they can get far more smolts to sea and greatly increase the productivity of the river. Hatcheries were operating in England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Canada, and the United States. It seemed that hatcheries could bring trout and salmon even to places that never had any, such as Australia and New Zealand. The British became great purveyors of hatchery eggs to other countries, and it was a profitable business.
MD - the word hatch- ery - suffix for nouns meaning goods or products, it’s artificial picture a fish coming out of an egg, before that is the artificial breeding - female fish and male fish above a bowl, and after that it is fish in a tank being fed with no predators.
How does global warming affect salmon?
Salmon can’t survive in lower latitudes because they need cold water. Global warming is making the water in the salmon’s lower latitude ranges uninhabitable.
“Salmon need cold water so it means that they can’t survive in lower latitudes Salmon need cold water, and climate change has been warming waterways like the Fraser River. The decline in fish proportionate to the rise in temperature is verifiable. The response to this, over the objection of some scientists, was to build hatcheries.”
law of unintended consequences
An intervention in a complex system tends to create unanticipated and often undesirable outcomes.[9
More recently, the law of unintended consequences has come to be used as an adage or idiomatic warning that an intervention in a complex system tends to create unanticipated and often undesirable outcomes.[9][10][11][12] Akin to Murphy’s law, it is commonly used as a wry or humorous warning against the hubristic belief that humans can fully control the world around them.
“Climate change is a spectacular example of the law of unintended consequences at work. This notion, that any change made by humans will have a variety of impacts that were not foreseen, is particularly tormenting to biologists who consider alterations to the environment. If fossil fuels such as oil or coal are burned, carbon goes into the air, where it attracts oxygen—two atoms of oxygen attach to every atom of carbon. This creates carbon dioxide, a leading cause of climate change.”
example
The Australian government’s effort to protect local vegetation by destroying the rabbit population on an island near Antarctica backfired terribly, bringing the island to the brink of an “ecosystem meltdown” and threatening local bird species with extinction. The plan achieved its narrow objective: in just over ten years, the rabbit population had dropped from 100,000 to just 10,000. However, in terms of the broader objective of the policy—strengthening the ecosystem of Macquarie Island—the rabbit extermination was a disaster. It turned out that the rabbits had been the primary food source for the island’s population of feral cats, and with the rabbits all but eliminated, the cats began to aggressively hunt the island’s population of seabirds. The cats quickly began to decimate the seabird population, hunting the native bird species to the brink of extinction.2
MD - Macquarie Island killing rabbits to protect the vegetation led to the decimation of seabirds. predators like wolves
authorities introduced the deadly Myxoma virus in an attempt to kill off the rabbits, the population had reached more than 100,000.
The strategy worked; by the 1980s, the rabbit population had fallen to less than 20,000. But that meant that the cats, which had depended on the rabbits as a food source, began eating seabirds instead.
Ocean acidification
About a third of the carbon dioxide in the air is absorbed by the sea, where it produces a chemical reaction that makes the water more acidic. Specifically, it causes an increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in carbonate.
MD - show a pic of 1/3 of CO2 getting absorbed by the ocean leading to arrow up for hydrogen ions and arrow down for carbonate CO3
impacts of reduced carbonate
The lack of carbonate ions diminishes the ability for growth in shellfish, coral, and certain plankton. These animals are important food for fish. The lack of carbonate also diminishes the ability of fish to detect predators.
MD shellfish, coral, and plankton. Show picture of coccolithophore, shellfish, and plankton all with CO32- and then show hungry fish with empty plate.
How does global warming affect the salinity of the water?
But this warming is also causing ice to melt, making seawater less salty. Salmon take cues from temperature and salinity for the various stages of their life cycle, including when to spawn, and thus are becoming confused.
It makes the water less salty Carbon dioxide is also causing a warming of air and water. This is a problem for a fish, such as salmon, that requires cold water. But this warming is also causing ice to melt, making seawater less salty. Salmon take cues from temperature and salinity for the various stages of their life cycle, including when to spawn, and thus are becoming confused. This problem has been growing for a long time. Climate change is rapidly changing the North Atlantic, and given the interconnected nature of the oceans, what threatens zooplankton, capelin, cod, and salmon—throughout the food web—imperils everything. We don’t know what all of it means.
MD ice cube melting into a cup of salt water making it less salty. picture 1 salt concentrated, picture 2 salt less concentrated b/c water level is higher.
Northwest Passage
The Northwest Passage (NWP) is the sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.[1][2][3][4] The eastern route along the Arctic coasts of Norway and Siberia is accordingly called the Northeast Passage (NEP).
“The waterway in North America between the Atlantic and Pacific that so many Europeans searched for and that Lewis and Clark failed to find, has been discovered by salmon. And
In mid-August 2016, the southern route through the Passage was nearly ice-free. For most of the year, the Northwest Passage is frozen and impassible. But during the summer months, the ice melts and breaks up to varying degrees.
What is the significance of salmon colonizing previously frozen rivers on the North Slope of Alaska, or the fact that some of these new colonists in the Pacific are Atlantic salmon? Because of Earth’s warming, that Northwest Passage for which so many Europeans searched, the waterway in North America between the Atlantic and Pacific that Lewis and Clark failed to find, has been discovered by salmon. And if their range is expanding northward, what will happen to the southern end of the salmon’s range—California’s Klamath River, Maritime Canada’s Miramichi, the Connecticut River, the rivers of France and Spain, or those of Japan? And what would be the impact of that on the natural order in these places?
MD - Waterway in North America (not south) connecting the atlantic to the Pacific that so many Europeans tried to find. The europeans were coming from the Atlantic and new that there was a pacific on the other side of the continent.
smolts
a young salmon or sea trout about two years old that is at the stage of development when it assumes the silvery color of the adult and is ready to migrate to the sea.
“It will probably expose smolts to increased predation by parasites, which favor warmer water, and by other fish. This has already been seen in northern Atlantic Canada where striped bass, also an anadromous species, are entering rivers where they have never been before and devouring large numbers of salmon smolts.”
MD - use picture of smolt and fry and marshmellow
anadramous
ascending rivers from the sea for breeding.
“It will probably expose smolts to increased predation by parasites, which favor warmer water, and by other fish. This has already been seen in northern Atlantic Canada where striped bass, also an anadromous species, are entering rivers where they have never been before and devouring large numbers of salmon smolts. “
MD - Think the A in anadramous - same A in ascending.
consequence of diminished species
a diminished species is more likely to head towards extinction.
“And the nonexistence of species makes it more likely for other species to become extinct. Darwin pointed out that the smaller the population of a species, the more likely it is to fail to compete and to become extinct. In other words, a diminished species—and that describes many of the animal species we know of —is headed for extinction. The other part of his equation is that the fewer species in existence, the more difficult it is for each individual species to survive. So extinction becomes ever more frequent. u
Many birds - thumbs up , one bird left arrow extinction
biodiversity
The variety of life in a particular ecosystem.
This concept, that a great variety must exist for the natural order to work, was labeled “biodiversity” by evolutionary biologist Edward Osborne Wilson in the 1980s. The species and genera and families—even the kingdoms—are so intertwined that they depend on one another, and when one is gone, many feel that loss. It is why we no longer talk of the “food chain” but of the “food web.” …
Md - diversity, we’re talking about a variety of ethnicities in a community. with biodiversity we’re talking about a variety of organisms in an ecosystem.
picture - mexican, white person, chinese person, and black perosn, snake, snail, beaver, tree
Let’s imagine each ethnicity has a certain job. white people fill the gum drop, but so do mexican people. If white people fall sick to some disease, people of mexican descent can fill gum ball machines and children can remain happy. v
biodiversity - we’re talking about a variety of
suburban sprawl
Suburban sprawl, also called urban sprawl, is the spread of urbanized areas into the rural landscape. It can be recognized by low-density single-family homes and new road networks spreading into the wild lands and agricultural fields outside of cities.
This list includes stopping deforestation; putting an end to suburban sprawl; stopping the killing of bears, wolves, beavers, eagles, and other wild species; putting an end to both land-based and marine pollution; stopping and even reversing climate change; and ending the damming of rivers while dismantling existing dams. We also need to either reduce energy consumption or derive it from renewables. We need to eliminate the burning of fossil fuels, which causes carbon emissions; eliminate hydro-electrical power, which blocks rivers; and stop the use of nuclear power, which heats water. And farmers have to stop using pesticides. Irrigation needs to be more carefully controlled. And cattle should not be allowed to graze by rivers. Homes and roads—and even hiking trails—should not be near riverbanks. Hatcheries should stop diminishing the genetic diversity of the stocks and fish farming has to stop spreading diseases. And marine mammals must be preserved but not allowed to become too populous. And after we have accomplished all this, the salmon will be saved.
MD - sub of suburban means proximate. so a suburban is proximate to an urban center. and then nature. show a map of urban and suburban concentric circles spreading into nature. and then a second identical concentric cirlce showing density level going down from urban to suburban to show that it can also be characterized by low density single family homes and new road networks spreading into wild lands and agricultural fields outside of city. Sow a big home being plopped down on top of a coyote and avocado farmer.
to urban Given that most of the common words in our language beginning sub- tend to have meanings concerned with “beneath” (as in subterranean and submarine) or “less than” (as with subpar), you would be forgiven for assuming that the suburbs were so named because of their location below, or their status as less than, their urban counterparts. Not so, however: sub- may have other meanings at the beginning of a word; in this case, it indicates not depth or inferiority, but proximity. In other words, the suburbs are a region close to the urbs.
Is urbs an English word? Yes; it is rarely used, but it refers typically to a city, particularly when distinguished from a suburb.
fossil fuels
Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content.
This list includes stopping deforestation; putting an end to suburban sprawl; stopping the killing of bears, wolves, beavers, eagles, and other wild species; putting an end to both land-based and marine pollution; stopping and even reversing climate change; and ending the damming of rivers while dismantling existing dams. We also need to either reduce energy consumption or derive it from renewables. We need to eliminate the burning of fossil fuels, which causes carbon emissions; eliminate hydro-electrical power, which blocks rivers; and stop the use of nuclear power, which heats water. And farmers have to stop using pesticides. Irrigation needs to be more carefully controlled. And cattle should not be allowed to graze by rivers. Homes and roads—and even hiking trails—should not be near riverbanks. Hatcheries should stop diminishing the genetic diversity of the stocks and fish farming has to stop spreading diseases. And marine mammals must be preserved but not allowed to become too populous. And after we have accomplished all this, the salmon will be saved.
MD - coal, crude oil, and natural gas - who fossilized burried remains of animals.
Salmonidae
“Salmonidae became a distinct family of fin fish about 100 million years ago, and some early form of salmon lived at the time of dinosaurs. The Salmonidae, Eosalmo driftwoodensis, has only been seen as fossilized bones discovered in a lake bed.”
MD - idae - suffix indicating taxonomic families. salmonidae became a distinct family of fin fish. we got fins and we’re salmon colored. dinosaur (t rex eating an early form of salmon. like ostreidae and pteriidae. distinkct family of fin fish about 100 million years ago.
- early form of salmon lived at the time of dinosaurs. salmon on a plate being eaten by a t-rex
- 100 million years ago salmonidae becomes a distinct family of fin fish.
- up until 20 million years ago, salmon were able to cross between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans via the northern sea above the continents.
Why do salmon and cod exist in both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans?
Up until about 20 million years ago, fish such as salmon and cod could swim in a northern sea above the continents into either the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. That is why such families exist in both oceans. Then the sea froze over and the two oceans were separated. The fish in each ocean evolved differently to suit the characteristics of their sea, resulting in Salmo in the Atlantic and Oncorhynchus in the Pacific.
MD - see salmonidae
ichtyology
the study of fish.
Ichthyology, the study of fish, is a relatively young science. It did not begin in North America until after the American Revolution, and even then it was focused on eastern, not Pacific, species. Even Sir Humphry Davy got salmon wrong. He was the first to isolate numerous critical elements on the periodic table, such as chlorine and sodium, and he became a godfather of recreational drugs with the discovery of the intoxicating quality of nitrous oxide, which he demonstrated at public gatherings.
MD - ich like icky ogy study of and theology creation. some people find fish icky, but
oncorhynchus
is a genus of fish in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific salmon and Pacific trout. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek ὄγκος (ónkos, “lump, bend”) + ῥύγχος (rhúnkhos, “snout”), in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the “kype”).
It wasn’t until 1866 that Albert Günther, a German zoologist at the British Museum, used the word Oncorhynchus, for the genus, derived from the Greek onkos, meaning hook, and rynchos, meaning nose. Günther used entirely different names for the species, but while his genus name eventually prevailed, scientists quickly returned to Walbaum’s sometimes-difficult Russian species names.
MD- encore for a rink. Picture the west coast having an encore for a skating rink! It’s new for them not like the east coast where skate rinks are common. People in the stands whouting out “give us another skating rink!!!”
King
The Chinook salmon /ʃɪˈnʊk/ (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the largest species in the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus. The common name refers to the Chinookan peoples. Other vernacular names for the species include king salmon, Quinnat salmon, spring salmon, chrome hog, and Tyee salmon.
The largest and most unpronounceable salmon on Earth is the Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, which is more commonly known as a king. In much of the Pacific Northwest it is called Chinook, after the native tribe that very skillfully caught them in the Columbia River and, with equal skill, traded them throughout the region. During the nineteenth century, the king was called Quinault, after a tribe that fished for kings with great success in a river of the same name on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula.
MD - A chinookan fishing on the Columbia River in Washington saying “Oh how I’d like to hook a Chinook” for it is the largest in the Pacific salmon Genus Onchorynchus.
Which species of salmon is most at risk despite having the widest geographical range?
The King
The Pacific-wide salmon species, king, is now the rarest due to habitat destruction, despite having the greatest range in North America—from the Ventura River in Southern California to Point Hope, the western tip of Alaska’s North Slope. Humans planting king in Chile and New Zealand have extended the southern range. Kings typically weigh between twenty and thirty pounds, but they can weigh as much as 120 pounds or more. They are also the most prized, both for their challenge to sport anglers and their gastronomic quality. Of course, fishermen always have a weakness for whatever is largest.
MD - it was said by king louis -
As far south as the Ventura River and as far north as the also been planted by humans in Chile and New Zealand extending its range.
“The empire on which the sun never sets.” Think of a king who has lots of territory, however with over extension comes great risk due to revolution/habitat destruction. show a torch burning a house.
Why is Onchorynchus mykiss sometimes called a steelhead trout and sometimes called a steelhead salmon?
Rainbow trout and steelhead are the same species, but they have different life cycles. Steelhead are anadromous—meaning they spend part of their lives in the sea before going to rivers to breed—while rainbow trout spend their lives mostly or entirely in freshwater. . Just like Pacific salmon, steelhead return to the rivers where they were born to spawn. Unlike salmon, however, they don’t necessarily die after that happens — some will actually return to the ocean.
GET THIS! Some offspring of two steelhead can stay in freshwater and be resident trout, and two offspring of resident rainbow trout can create a steelhead.
Rainbow trout derive their name from their beautiful, multi-hued coloration. Their bodies are blue, green, or yellowish, shading to silvery white on the underside, with a horizontal pink-red stripe running from the gills to the tail and black spots along their backs. Steelhead are generally more streamlined in shape and silvery or brassy in color as adults, earning them their name.
“The confusion stems from the fact that a steelhead starts as a rainbow trout, which being relatively small, white-fleshed, and fresh water-bound, is unquestionably regarded as a trout. But then it goes to sea and comes back quite large, with silver skin and red flesh and looks like a salmon. Biologists have struggled to understand the steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, as shown by the fact that it is sometimes called a steelhead trout and sometimes a steelhead salmon. It is not even clear why it is called steelhead, though it does have an unusually hard-boned head, so that is thought to be the reason. The term came into common usage in the nineteenth century, before which it had various trout names.
Geographic Range: Both rainbow trout and steelhead are native to North America west of the Rockies, but this popular fish has been introduced in almost every other state and on every continent except Antarctica. All rainbow trout and steelhead occupy freshwater streams or lakes at some point in their lives. They use aquatic vegetation, boulders, and wood as protective cover. Steelhead spend the majority of the year in estuaries or open ocean and only return to freshwater to spawn.
MD - (Steel is an alloy of iron with typically a few percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to iron) steel is silvery in color. so steelhead though it is the same species as rainbow trout, it has a different life cycle. It gets its silver skin when it leaves for the ocean (more camouflaged) and comes back with red flesh from its krill diet. while rainbow trout remain in fresh water is different than rainbow trout b
so two steelhead salmon creating a resident rainbow trout and then 2 offspring of a rainbow trout creating a steelhead salmon.
MD - My kiss. Think of the princess kissing the frog. At least she new it was a frog. Show two rainbow trout parents giving birth to a steelhead and two steelhead parents giving birth to a rainbow trout telling the princess that they can’t promise what she’ll end up kissing to make prince.
Possible reasons for salmon starting out as a freshwater fish and evolving to go out to sea.
Oceans have more food than freshwater streams.
“There has been some debate as to whether salmon was an ocean fish that evolved into some freshwater habits or a freshwater fish that learned to go to sea, perhaps in search of a better diet.”
MD - Big fish in a small pond, I need more food. I want to go to the ocean where there is more food.!
Why did salmon develop so many distinct species?
Because they have an unstoppable ability to adapt. When confronted with environmental changes, they make genetic adjustments.
“Why did salmon develop so many distinct species? Because they have an unstoppable ability to adapt. When confronted with environmental changes, they make genetic adjustments. This is seen not only in the diverse species, but also in the many genetic variations within a species. The difference in DNA between one person and another is far less than the variation between two salmon of the same species from different rivers.”
- unstoppable ability to adapt 2. Not enough food in this river? - (confronted with environmental changes) 3. I’ll just change my color and adjust my gills so that I can go to the ocean - (genetic adjustment)
stocks (salmon)
The term fish stock usually refers to a particular fish population that is more or less isolated from other stocks of the same species
“Each stock exhibits distinct behavior patterns and times its departure and return uniquely. In the Pacific Northwest, some Native Americans claim they can distinguish one stock from another by the taste of the fish. At what point the differences between two stocks become great enough to call it another species is a subject of intense debate for biologists.”
MD - Think of stock as a share of the company. There are many stocks that represent isolated units more or less isolated from the other stocks of the company.
carrying capacity
The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained in that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available.
birth rate = death rate. the highest population a particular environment can fit.
MD - think of a bridge’s carrying capacity 1. maximum weigh (but in biology population) draw ostriges on the bridge and that can be sustained -> 2. show just enough food, habitat, water, and other resources available.
if you take a catch below the line…
the population will rise by the next period.
if you take a catch above the line…
the population will fall by the next period.
catches along the line…
won’t change the population.
so if you take an amount of fish in the green areas,
the catch is sustainable. The population will change, but only until it reaches the line.
How much should we be taking of the catches along the line?
this point here allows us to take the maximum amount of fish each period. Taking any hire will result in a declining population.
British Columbia
is the westernmost province in Canada, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2020, it is Canada’s third-most populous province. The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for Queen Victoria, who ruled during the creation of the original colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada,
MD - map,
Oceania
the lands of the central and southern Pacific Ocean including Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia (including New Zealand).
MD - Oceania, is ironic because we’re actually talking about the land not the ocean. the three lands are
Micronesia - small section in central
melanesia - right below just above Australia, think melanin from lots of sun
polynesia - includes new zealand and is to the east.
Another bird beside the cormorant with a distensible throat pouch.
The pelican! The bill of all pelicans, unique to the bird world, has a distensible throat pouch that can hold up to 13.5 litres. The bare-skin throat pouch, or throat sac, hangs from the lower half of the pelican’s bill. When feeding, the pelican dives under water and the poucho opens, functioning like a dip net, filling with water an (hopefully) fish. After draining the water, the pelican throws up its head and gulps down the fish.
MD -
fish circulatory system
- The heart pumps blood over the gills through the afferent branchial arteries.
- From the gills the efferent branchial arteries carry the oxygenated blood to the dorsal aorta that delivers oxygenated blood to the rest of the fish’s body.
- The deoxyengated blood is then returned to the heart through the ventral aorta and then repeats 1-
MD - picture of the fish
