mama's last hug Flashcards

Question

corrugator muscles

Answer 1

The corrugator supercilii muscle, is a pyramidal-shaped muscle located near each eyebrow. The corrugator supercilii muscle functions to move the eyebrow down and inward toward the nose and inner eye. This muscle also functions to create vertical lines or wrinkles in the lower part of the forehead. It is the "frowning" muscle, and may be regarded as the principal muscle in the expression of suffering. We may say that our dog is “proud” of a ribbon he has won in a show or our cat is “embarrassed” that she missed a jump. We go to beach hotels to swim with dolphins, convinced that the animals must love this as much as we do. Lately, people have fallen for the claim that Koko, the late hand-signing gorilla in California, worries about climate change, or that chimpanzees have religion. As soon as I hear such suggestions, my corrugator muscles contract into a frown, and I ask for the evidence. Gratuitous anthropomorphism is distinctly unhelpful. Yes, dolphins have smiley faces, but since this is an immutable part of their visage, it fails to tell us anything about how they feel. And a dog carrying a ribbon may simply enjoy all the attention and goodies that come his way. MD - corrugated - alternating ridges and grooves, it creates a groove, vertical line on the forhead when the eyebrow is drawn downward and towards the center of the face.

Answer 2

“the quality of a sound made by a particular voice or musical instrument,” and is useful in being distinct from pitch, intensity, and loudness as a descriptor of sound. the resonance by which the ear recognizes and identifies a voiced speech sound Timbre is defined as ”that attribute of auditory sensation, in terms of which a listener can judge that two sounds similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar” emotions "facial expression, skin color, vocal timbre, gestures, odor, and so on." MD - 2 lumberjacks shouting "timbre!!!!" with same volume, pitch, but different

Answer 3

any of an order (Primates) of mammals that are characterized especially by advanced development of binocular vision resulting in stereoscopic depth perception, specialization of the hands and feet for grasping, and enlargement of the cerebral hemispheres and that include humans, apes, monkeys, and related forms (such as lemurs and tarsiers) MD - King, phillip...soup - primates are order just above family hominidae. show human and lemer, what do they have in common, binocular vision resulting in steroscopic depth perception, specialization of the hands and feet for grasping - man hanging 10 with 2 lemers holding his arm. enlargement of the cerebral hemispheres in both.

Answer 4

feeling or showing sorrow and remorse for a sin or shortcoming A person who is contrite may have rubbed someone the wrong way and caused bruised feelings - and there is a hint about the origins of the word in that thought. Contrite came to English by way of Anglo-French from the Latin verb conterere, meaning "to grind" or "to bruise." Conterere, in turn, was formed by combining the prefix com- and terere, meaning "to rub." If you've guessed that trite is a cousin of contrite (through terere), you are correct. Other terere descendants in English include detriment and tribulation, and very possibly the familiar verb try. etymology - "con" - together; trite comes from trere MD - 1. after his trident was CONfiscated, and he had some time to think, he felt/showed remorse for a sin, poking people with the trident/shortcoming - his desire to poke people with the trident.

Answer 5

- a weakness in someone's character : a personal fault or failing - a bad feature : a flaw or defect in something MD - etymology - from the phase come short. there's a bar and the person falls short of the bar. antisemitism is gogol's shortcoming. treat everyone with equality.

Answer 6

hackneyed or boring from much use : not fresh or original Latin tritus, from past participle of terere to rub, wear away — more at THROW entry MD (done) - Trident - 3 spears - a fight between an axe and a trident, 1. the axe is hacking the trident in half - hackneyed 2. the trident is yawning - boring 3. and the 3 spears on the trident represent from much use. "students first, students first, students first".

Answer 7

the art or practice of outdoing or keeping one jump ahead of a friend or competitor engaged in a round of verbal one-upmanship We often had close-up grooming sessions through the bars of her bedroom, which she shared with her friend Kuif. While my relations with Mama were relaxed, I had to be careful with Kuif, who sometimes tried to provoke me, testing me out. Chimps are always in the game of one-upmanship, always seeking the limits of your or their dominance. Kuif sometimes grabbed at me through the bars—when Mama was sitting right next to her, having her back. Your best strategy in such cases is to stay calm and act as if you barely notice; otherwise things might escalate. In later years, my relationship with Kuif changed radically for the better. After helping her raise her first surviving offspring, I became her favorite human being. - "act or practice of being 'one up,'" 1952, from noun phrase one up "scoring one more point than one's opponent" (1919) + ending from sportsmanship, etc. MD - self explanatory. one-upmanship - let's make sure we're one ahead 2 ships, one ship is one ship lengths ahead. one-upmanship. we can refer to the ships art or practice of being up as the one upmanship.

Answer 8

3: ingratiatingly or affectedly agreeable or friendly jealousy as antiquated, and felt that any kind of ambition was suspect. The chimpanzee colony that I watched day in day out, on the other hand, showed all those “reactionary” tendencies in spades: power, ambition, and jealousy. Sitting there with my shoulder-length hair, nourished by saccharine songs such as “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Good Vibrations,” I went through a truly eye-opening period. Right away, as a human being, I was struck by the similarities between us and our closest relative: every primatologist goes through this “If this is an animal, what am I?” phase. But then, like a true hippie, I had to come to grips with behavior that my generation roundly denounced but that was common in apes. Instead of letting this affect the way I looked at apes, I began to better understand my own kind. MD - saccharide is a monosaccharide sugar or a combination of sugars. tom brady and a saccharine sacker. covering him in a syrup. "my what a great arm you have!"

Answer 9

to an unusually great degree : in the extreme MD - (made) Etymology. From the card game of bridge, in which spades is the highest suit. Perhaps influenced by phrases with similar meaning, “in spadefuls” or “in spate”.

Answer 10

to say something the way it is or call something by it's most suitable name even if the subject is considered coarse, impolite, or unpleasant. "Call a spade a spade" or "call a spade a shovel" are both forms of the figurative expression which state that the speaker should call, or has called, something by its most suitable name without any reservation to the strained formalities that may result. "Call a spade a spade" is a figurative expression. It is also referred to as "let's call a spade a spade, not a gardening tool", which refers to calling something "as it is",[1] that is, by its right or proper name, without "beating about the bush"—being outspoken about it, truthfully, frankly, and directly, even to the point of being blunt or rude, and even if the subject is considered coarse, impolite, or unpleasant. Let's not lie and say we like his pants, they are obviously too tight, you can see his woo hoo! You can see his spade, call a spade a spade. You can see his spade. I MD - (done) picture of man with spade

Answer 11

The practice in female chimpanzees to achieve high rank through waiting it out instead of competing with each other. Decades of research on wild chimpanzees have shown that females compete very little over status and just wait it out, a process known as queuing. If a female lives long enough, she is bound to end up in a high position. Since they live dispersed over the forest and forage mostly on their own, achieving a high rank probably does not yield enough benefits for females to take risks for it. It’s not worth the trouble males go through.7 A MD (done) - a queue is a weighting line especially of persons or vehicles. so just picture a line of female chimpanzees and q is at the end of the alphabet so list the age of q being young like 7 years old while the others are pretty old. Females 38 years.

Answer 12

to display conspicuously or abundantly. Obviously, predators have a different emotional repertoire than species that need to constantly look over their shoulder. Predators exude a cool self-confidence (except when they meet their match), whereas prey animals know fifty shades of fear. They live in terror, and they startle at every unexpected movement, sound, or smell. This is why horses bolt and dogs don’t. We evolved from tree-dwelling fruit pickers—hence our frontal eyes, color vision, and grasping hands—but because of our size and special skills, we share a predator’s poise. This is probably why we get along so well with our favorite pets, which are two furry carnivores. In college, I had a black and white kitty named Plexie. About once a month, I would take Plexie on my bicycle, in a bag with her little head sticking out, for a playdate with her best friend, a short-legged puppy. The two of them had played together since they were little and kept doing so now that they MD (done) - Latin exsudare, from ex- + sudare to sweat spanish for sweat is sudar. - 1. sweat is displayed conspicuously 2. sweat is displayed abundantly - picutre sweat oozing out of pours - each sweat droplet is qualities - confidence, good chemistry, wealth and success - monopoly sweat drop.

Answer 13

a color slightly different from the one under consideration. Obviously, predators have a different emotional repertoire than species that need to constantly look over their shoulder. Predators exude a cool self-confidence (except when they meet their match), whereas prey animals know fifty shades of fear. They live in terror, and they startle at every unexpected movement, sound, or smell. This is why horses bolt and dogs don’t. We evolved from tree-dwelling fruit pickers—hence our frontal eyes, color vision, and grasping hands—but because of our size and special skills, we share a predator’s poise. This is probably why we get along so well with our favorite pets, which are two furry carnivores. In college, I had a black and white kitty named Plexie. About once a month, I would take Plexie on my bicycle, in a bag with her little head sticking out, for a playdate with her best friend, a short-legged puppy. The two of them had played together since they were little and kept doing so now that they MD - see folder orange In optics, orange has a wavelength between approximately 585 and 620 nm and a hue of 30° in HSV color space. In the RGB color space it is a secondary color numerically halfway between. All the shades of orange are all within the 585 - 620 nm wave length range.

Answer 14

Rejecting the similarity between humans and other animals. The anthropomorphism argument is rooted in human exceptionalism. It reflects the desire to set humans apart and deny our animality. To do so remains customary in the humanities and much of the social sciences, which thrive on the notion that the human mind is somehow our own invention. I myself, however, consider the rejection of similarity between humans and other animals to be a greater problem than the assumption of it. I have dubbed this rejection anthropodenial. It stands in the way of a frank assessment of who we are as a species. Our brains have the same basic structure as those of other mammals: we have no new parts and employ the same old neurotransmitters. Brains are in fact so similar across the board that in order to treat human phobias, we study fear in the rat’s amygdala. Dogs trained to lie still in a brain scanner show activity in the caudate nucleus when they expect a hot dog in the same way this region lights up in businessmen who are promised a monetary bonus. Instead of treating mental processes as a black box, as previous generations of scientists have done, we are now prying open the box to reveal a shared background. Modern neuroscience makes it impossible to maintain a sharp human-animal dualism. MD - (done) the dog expecting a hot dog has the same mental process as a business person who is promised a monetary bonus. picture the caudate nucleus of both dog and business man lighting up.

Answer 15

frugal to the point of stinginess. "Anthropomorphism is not nearly as bad as people think. With species like the great apes, it is in fact logical. Evolutionary theory almost dictates it, given that we know apes as “anthropoids,” which means “human-like.” We owe this term to Carl Linnaeus, the eighteenth-century Swedish biologist who based his classification on anatomy, but he could just as easily have done so on the basis of behavior. The simplest, most parsimonious view is that if two related species act similarly under similar circumstances, they must be similarly motivated. We don’t hesitate to make this assumption when comparing related species like horses and zebras, or wolves and dogs, so why change the rules for humans and apes? Fortunately," MD - Purse moans at us, forcing us to e parsimonious. A purse saying don't pay for that!

Answer 16

signals that communicate about communicating. "Laughter serves the same purpose: it puts other behavior into context. One chimp pushes another firmly to the ground and puts his teeth in her neck, leaving her no escape, but since both utter a constant stream of hoarse laughs, they stay totally relaxed. They know that this is just for fun. Since play signals help interpret other behavior, they are known as meta-communication: they communicate about communication.21 Similarly, if I approach a colleague and slap him on the shoulder with a laugh, he will perceive it quite differently than he would if I did so without a sound or without any expression on my face. My laugh delivers a meta-signal about the hand that hit him. Laughing reframes what we say or do and takes the sting out of potentially offensive remarks, which is why we use it all the time, even when nothing particularly amusing is going on." - Mama's last hug MD - smile when saying something mean. I don't mean for this to sound mean. the laughter is used as a meta-signal even though what we're saying is not funny. It's meant to take the sting out of the potentially offensive remark.

Answer 17

a magnificent or impressive array ex. the full panoply of a military funeral "He had no trouble producing the minutest movements, either symmetrically or asymmetrically, that conveyed small shifts in emotion. He could look angry, or angry masked with a broad smile, or pleased mixed with worry. You name it—his face could produce a panoply of subtle emotions on command. He would illustrate how a slight frown indicates one emotion, and a wrinkled nose another. We admired not only his facial acrobatics but also his evolutionary outlook, which at the time was exceptional in a psychologist. I speak of “acrobatics,” because" etymology - Panoply comes from the Greek word panoplia, which referred to the full suit of armor worn by "hoplites," heavily armed infantry soldiers of ancient Greece. "Panoplia" is a blend of the prefix pan-, meaning "all," and hopla, meaning "arms" or "armor." (As you may have guessed already, "hopla" is also an ancestor of "hoplite.") "Panoply" entered the English language in the 17th century, and since then it has developed other senses which extend both the "armor" and the "full set" aspects of its original use. etymology - pan - all, pan demic - pan - all; demos - people array - a range of a particular kind of thin MD - peter pan - the broadway production of Pan was considered a "panoply," 1. magnificent or impressive - he flew, there was an actual alligator! 2. array - there were also tights, captain hook had a hook

Answer 18

to move around in a lively or playful way. We have thus returned to Charles Darwin’s position in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin stressed that facial expressions are part of our species’s repertoire and pointed out similarities with monkeys and apes, suggesting that all primates have similar emotions. It was a landmark book— acknowledged by everyone in the field today—but it is the only major book by Darwin that, after its initial success, was promptly forgotten, then overlooked for almost a century before we returned to it. Why? Because hard-core scientists felt his language was too free and anthropomorphic. It embarrassed them when he wrote of a cat’s “affectionate frame of mind” when she rubs against your leg, a chimpanzee’s “disappointed and sulky” pouting of his lips, and cows that “frisk about from pleasure” while ridiculously throwing up their tails. What nonsense! Moreover, his suggestion that we convey our own noble sensibilities through facial movements that we share with “lower” animals was roundly insulting. MD - Missy elliot get your frisk on - if you look at the dancers in the video they are moving around in a lively or playful way.

Answer 19

a reddening of the face especially from shame, modesty, or confusion. Blushing remains an evolutionary mystery, especially for cynics who insist that the whole point of social life is the selfish exploitation of others. If this were true, wouldn’t we be much better off without blood uncontrollably rushing to our cheeks and neck, where the change in skin color stands out like a light tower? If blushing keeps us honest, we’d need to wonder why evolution equipped us and no other species with such a conspicuous signal. Or as Mark Twain put it: “Man is the only animal that blushes—or needs to.” MD - shame, modesty, confusion - picture a son blushing at a toilet flushing competition. 1. his face reddening because of confusion - not knowing how to flush 2. Shame - how will they all see me. 3. modesty - winning gold ribbon and feeling proud.

Answer 20

to move the eyebrows together in a way that shows that one is thinking about something or is worried, angry, etc. But bonobos, with their flatter, more open face, frown easily, and they do so at the same moments as we do. While warning another one, for example, bonobos will narrow their eyes in a piercing stare with knitted brows, which looks exactly like the angry glower of our species. MD - 1. knitting needles move towards each other so picture the eyebrows doing the same, 2. but one needle is angry and the other is worried

Answer 21

a comprehensive list, inventory, or description of the behavior of an organism. We record the events leading up to the expression as well as how it affects others. Does a given signal start a fight, stop a fight, or pave the way for reconciliation? We have entire catalogs, known as ethograms, of the typical signals of every species, not just primates but also horses, elephants, crows, lions, chickens, hyenas, and so on. One of the first ethograms concerned the wolf, including all its tail movements, ear positions, hair raising, vocalizations, baring of teeth, and so on. Ethograms can be quite elaborate, indicating a rich repertoire. For mice and rats, we have them, too. etymology - etho- (as in ethology) + -gram ethos - meaning nature or disposition; gram - comes from Greek, where it has the meaning "what is written. '' It is attached to roots to form nouns that refer to something written or drawn, either by hand or machine: cardio- (= of or relating to the heart) + -gram → cardiogram (= a recording and diagram of a heartbeat, drawn by a machine). MD - show a dog ears down tail between the legs - represents guilt. - 1. gram - show someone writing "a comprehensive list, inventory, or description of the behavior of an organism." this gets to the ethos of an organism - the characteristic spirit. 1. gram - what is written - comprehensive list, inventory or description of 2. ethos - nature or disposition- can be gathered by the behavior of an organism.

Answer 22

the raise of the inner eyebrow makes dogs look sadder and more puppy like Dogs, too, have been studied for how they produce and perceive faces, including ours. We have concluded that they communicate intentionally from the fact that their faces change more in response to a watching human face than one who has turned his back. One common dog expression occurs when they pull their inner eyebrow, which enlarges their eyes. We fall for the cuteness of rounded faces with big eyes, a sensitivity massively exploited by animated movies. Dogs’ inner-brow pull makes them look sadder and more puppy-like, which even affects pet adoptions. Observers at shelters have noticed that dogs who direct this face at human visitors are rehomed more easily than those who fail to do so. Clearly, man’s best friend knows how to pull our emotional strings.10 People MD - picture of puppy

Answer 23

older Many questions surround the bared-teeth grin, such as how this toothy expression became a friendly one in our species and where it came from. The latter question may seem odd, but everything in nature is a modification of something older. Our hands came from the forelimbs of land vertebrates, which derived from the pectoral fins of fish. Our lungs evolved out of fish bladders. MD - show horse with hands. If horse's had hands. Well this could one day occur because our hands evolved from the forelimbs of land vertebrates. MD - Our hands came from the forelimbs of land vertebrates, which derived from the pectoral fins of fish. Our lungs evolved out of fish bladders.

Answer 24

An evolutionary process in which the form or context of an action is altered because it comes to play a role in social communication. "With regard to signals, too, we wonder about their origin. The process of transformation from earlier versions is known as ritualization. For example, we mimic the instrumental act of holding an old-fashioned phone by extending the thumb and pinky finger and holding them against our ear: this gesture has been transformed into a “call me!” signal. Ritualization does the same, but on an evolutionary scale. The woodpecker’s irregular tapping on a tree in order to find grubs became rhythmic drumming on hollow logs to announce a territory. And the soft chewing sounds that monkeys make when picking lice and ticks out of each other’s hair became a friendly greeting with lifted eyebrows and audible lip-smacking, as if to say “I’d love to groom you!” MD - Woodpecker ritualization irregular tapping on a tree to find grubs --\> one tapping a hollow log to announce its territory 1. the context or form becomes altered - context - not searching for grubs, announcing its territory. And form - is it tapping the exact same way it would tap if it were searching for grubs? -\> 2. because it comes to play a roll in social communication - not looking for grubs, communicating to other woodpeckers that the territory is taken. think of camp site. MD - The funeral's practice of burrying a dead became a ritual probably when our ancestors transitioned from nomadic to sedentary. They needed to dispose of decaying bodies.

Answer 25

diffuse, wrath Used by subordinate to diffuse conflict and avoid the wrath of a dominant. The human smile derives from the nervous grin found in other primates. We employ it when there is a potential for conflict, something we are always worried about even under the friendliest circumstances. We bring flowers or a bottle of wine when we are invading other people’s home territory, and we greet each other by waving an open hand, a gesture thought to originate from showing that we carry no weapons. But the smile remains our main tool to improve the mood. Copying another’s smile makes everyone happier, or as Louis Armstrong sang: “When you’re smiling, the whole world smiles with you.” Wave is open hand gesture - thought to MD - UFC muscular dude fighting against Schweitzer. MD - used by a subordinate to diffuse conflict and avoide the wrath of a dominant.

Answer 26

a gesture thought to originate from showing that we carry no weapons. The human smile derives from the nervous grin found in other primates. We employ it when there is a potential for conflict, something we are always worried about even under the friendliest circumstances. We bring flowers or a bottle of wine when we are invading other people’s home territory, and we greet each other by waving an open hand, a gesture thought to originate from showing that we carry no weapons. But the smile remains our main tool to improve the mood. Copying another’s smile makes everyone happier, or as Louis Armstrong sang: “When you’re smiling, the whole world smiles with you.” MD - picture a gun firing harmful waves. These waves would not be presnet if someone was waving.

Answer 27

dominance One study explicitly looked at this underdog quality of the smile in pictures taken right before matches in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. The photographs show both fighters defiantly staring at each other. Analysis of a large number of pictures revealed that the fighter with the more intense smile was the one who’d end up losing the fight later that day. The investigators concluded that smiling indicates a lack of physical dominance, and that the fighter who smiles the most is the one most in need of appeasement. MD - "see derivation of the wave - schweitzer in a ufc ring with joe rogan"

Answer 28

The facial muscles are a group of striated skeletal muscles supplied by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles. When a team of behavioral scientists and anthropologists finally tested the idea by carefully dissecting the faces of two dead chimpanzees, they found the exact same number of mimetic muscles as in the human face—and surprisingly few differences.15 We could have predicted this, of course, MD - MIMETIC - think of a mime imitating things - those with strong mimetic muscles are able to use their facial muscles well, muscles supplied by the facial nerve

Answer 29

Humans can detect sounds in a frequency range from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz. (Human infants can actually hear frequencies slightly higher than 20 kHz, but lose some high-frequency sensitivity as they mature; the upper limit in average adults is often closer to 15–17 kHz.) Panksepp noticed that rats like being tickled by human fingers, so much so that they will come back for more. When you withdraw your hand and move it somewhere else, they will follow, seeking out stimulation while uttering bursts of 50-kHz chirps that are above the human hearing range. MD - 20/20 hearing 20 hertz to 20 kilohertz

Answer 30

1000 hertz Panksepp noticed that rats like being tickled by human fingers, so much so that they will come back for more. When you withdraw your hand and move it somewhere else, they will follow, seeking out stimulation while uttering bursts of 50-kHz chirps that are above the human hearing range. One - kilo - 1,000

Answer 31

a network of millions of neurons embedded in the lining of the digestive tract a network of millions of neurons embedded in the lining of the digestive tract—may give us butterflies of anxiety in the pit of our stomach, which in turn tells our brain what we feel For example, the enteric nervous system—a network of millions of neurons embedded in the lining of the digestive tract—may give us butterflies of anxiety in the pit of our stomach, which in turn tells our brain what we feel. Because of the enteric system’s autonomy, it is also called our “second brain. MD - food can't enter the brain, but it can ENTER the enteric nervous system.

Answer 32

Blood flow is directed toward our larger organs that are more crucial to survival, and thus our extremities are left with sensations of being cold. fight-or-flight response literally gives us “cold feet” as blood is drawn away from the extremities. In one episode of the MythBusters television show, heat sensors were placed on the feet of people who were faced with tarantulas crawling over them or taking a frightening ride in a stunt plane. The drops in temperature were astonishing. Our feet freeze when we’re afraid, a reaction that we share with fearful rats, which get cold tails and paws. - MD - quadriceps and heart (larger organs) will get you away from the lion, not your feet and hands.

Answer 33

emotions - changes in our body feelings - when we become aware of them and give them a name. I find it hard to explain this outcome without inferring subjective experiences. This is not just about emotions anymore, which may be automatically triggered, but also about feelings. Feelings arise when emotions penetrate our consciousness, and we become aware of them. We know that we are angry or in love because we can feel it. We may say we feel it in our “gut,” but in fact we detect changes all over our body. How could the apes in Lisa’s experiment have selected the right facial expression unless they felt something? Most likely, they felt good or bad from the videos, which then helped them decide which face would go with them. Lisa’s temperature measures confirmed that they solved the task emotionally rather than intellectually. Her experiment left us with the intriguing possibility that apes are about as conscious of their feelings as we are. MD - think of emoticon - smiley face for emotion, vs. language used to describe that emotion - feelings.

Answer 34

Botox is a drug made from a neurotoxin produced by a bacterium. When injected, the neurotoxin moves from the dermis into the desired muscle and blocks the synapses between the nerve. After the injection moves from the dermis and into the desired muscle, the nerves there are blocked—rather, their synapses, are blocked—by the Botox. So even though your brain may fire and signal for your body to move a particular muscle, Botox effectively blocks that firing and keeps the muscle from moving. The injected muscle can no longer contract, which causes the wrinkles to relax and soften, and also helps prevent new ones from forming. "This has become a problem for people whose faces have been injected with Botox. Their muscle relaxation keeps them from mirroring the faces of others, which robs them of feeling what others feel. Botoxed people may look wonderful, but they have trouble empathizing. And the problem is not just in how they relate to others, but also how others relate to them. Botoxed faces look frozen, missing the stream of micro-expressions employed in daily interactions. Their facial unresponsiveness makes others feel cut off, rejected even.12" MD - Bo tox - 1. tox for neruotoxin and 2 Bo - blocking the synapse of the neuron so that communication that the brain sends to the muscle is not received. Since muscle can no longer contract, the wrinkles relax and soften. see diagram.

Answer 35

The "viscera" are the internal organs of the body-especially those located in the large cavity of the trunk (e.g., the heart, liver, and intestines). figurative sense - felt in or as if in the internal organs of the body : DEEP "Does this mean we care more about the mistreatment of one canine, who survived, than about the violent deaths of over a million human civilians and soldiers? Rationally speaking, I can’t imagine that we do, but our visceral reactions are informed by our senses, not by numbers." tie to biology The "viscera" are the internal organs of the body-especially those located in the large cavity of the trunk (e.g., the heart, liver, and intestines). The word viscera comes from Latin, in which it has essentially the same meaning. Something "visceral" has to do with the viscera. In a more figurative sense, something "visceral" is felt "deep down." Even in the early years of its use, "visceral" often referred to things emotional rather than physiological. For example, in 1640, an English bishop named Edward Reynolds wrote, "Love is of all other the inmost and most visceral affection." This figurative use is the most common use of "visceral," but the word continues to be used in medical contexts as well. MD - viscous - picture all of the internal organs of the chess cavity being prepared in a blender - the blender is the chess cavity. And this is felt.

Answer 36

when multiple dolphins jump out of the water as one or when pelicans fly by in seamless formation Synchronization and mimicry are common in nature, such as when multiple dolphins jump out of the water as one or when pelicans glide by in seamless formation. We also see it in animals under human care. When two horses are trained to pull a cart together, they will initially push and pull against each other, each following its own rhythm. But after years of working together, they end up acting as one, fearlessly pulling the cart at breakneck speed through water obstacles during cross-country marathons. They will object to even the briefest separation, as if they have become a single organism. The same principle operates among sled dogs. Perhaps the most extreme case is that of a female husky who went blind but still ran along with the rest, based on her ability to smell, hear, and feel them. Bodily

Answer 37

Synchronization and mimicry are common in nature, such as when multiple dolphins jump out of the water as one or when pelicans glide by in seamless formation.

Answer 38

Neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. About twenty-five years ago the body channel received a tremendous boost from the discovery of mirror neurons in a laboratory in Parma, Italy. These neurons are activated when we perform an action, such as reaching for a cup, but also when we see someone else reach for a cup. These neurons don’t distinguish between our own behavior and that of someone else, so they allow one individual to get under another’s skin. Their actions become our own. This discovery has been hailed as being of equal importance to psychology as the discovery of DNA was for biology, because of its profound implications for imitation and other forms of bodily fusion. It explains why words come automatically to our mouths when we watch the stammering King George VI in the 2010 film The King’s Speech, and why Atlanta copied May’s posture and movements. Amid Yawn contagion relates to empathy, because the humans most prone to it are also the most empathic on other measures, and women—who on average score higher on empathy than men—are more sensitive to the yawns of others. MD - screenshot of monkey and banana

Answer 39

similarity of traits reflecting common descent and ancestry correspondence or similarity in form or function between parts (such as the wing of a bat and the human arm) of different species resulting from modification of a trait possessed by a common ancestor : " subjects in a study were asked to address an audience. Afterward all participants were invited to spit into a cup, which allowed scientists to extract a hormone associated with anxiety. They found that with confident speakers, the audience followed every word, feeling relaxed, but with nervous ones, the speaker’s discomfort rubbed off on the audience. The hormone levels of speakers and audiences converged the way they did between vole mates.35 These similarities hint at what biologists call homology, or traits derived from a common ancestor. md - the dog's caudate nucleus getting excited about a sausage which his homo Merriam Webster - The similarity of a structure or function of parts of different origins based on their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor is homology. Analogy, by contrast, is a functional similarity of structure that is based on mere similarity of use. For example, the forelimbs of humans, bats, and deer are homologous; the form of construction and the number of bones in each are almost identical and represent adaptive modifications of the forelimb structure of their shared ancestor. The wings of birds and insects, on the other hand, are merely analogous; both are used for flight, but they do not share a common ancestral origin. MD - human forearm and bat wing similar form vs. bat wing and insect wing similar funciton but different form.

Answer 40

the desire to make life better for others. This kind of test is not just about altruism, which can come about in various ways, but about prosocial tendencies, defined as the intention to make life better for others. One of my team members, Vicky Horner, explored prosocial versus selfish choices in chimpanzees under controlled conditions. Vicky would call two chimps into the Cognition Building and place them side by side with mesh between them. Our first mD - if you're a social pro, a major tendency will be to benefit others.

Answer 41

hypothalamus The horse’s body detects internal changes and sends information to its hypothalamus, which monitors the sodium concentration in its blood. If this level rises above a certain limit, the blood gets too salty, and its brain induces a strong desire for gulps of water. Desires work by being felt. The horse will be irresistibly drawn to a river or water trough. This detection system is one of the oldest in existence and is essentially the same across many species, including our own. Does anyone truly believe that after a long trip through the desert, the cowboy feels differently about water than his horse? MD - hyper hippo drinking lots of water to win a wii.

Answer 42

proportion "I’m all for calling horses thirsty and rats fearful based on their behavior and the circumstances under which it arises, while fully realizing that I can’t feel what they feel—I can only guess. This situation is not radically different, to my mind, from that concerning human emotions. When it comes to feelings, all I know for sure is what I feel myself, and even there I mistrust my impressions given how prone I am to wishful thinking, denial, selective memory, cognitive dissonance, and other mental trickery. Most of us are not like the French novelist Marcel Proust, who continually analyzed his own sentiments and became intimately familiar with them. But even Proust concluded (about a romantic partner whom his protagonist no longer loved, until she died and he realized he still did) that “I had been mistaken in thinking that I could see clearly into my own heart.”4 He couldn’t, because the heart often knows better than the mind what we feel. I realize this is a rather unscientific take on the heart, and it may be better to refer to the body as a whole, but it is undeniable that we have trouble penetrating our own emotional life. This doesn’t keep us from dissecting and discussing it all the time, however, spending tons of imprecise words on a most slippery topic, which makes the timidity of science about animal emotions seem all the more out of proportion."

Answer 43

The cheerful feeling you have when nothing is bothering you. The lives of adult apes center very much on adult concerns, therefore, and share little with a child’s insouciance. Juvenile apes squabble over food and hit each other screaming over the head, while adult apes politely beg and share, sometimes taking turns, while exchanging food for services received earlier in the day. Here, too, the best comparison is between ape and human juveniles or ape and human adults. Merriam Webster - "Don't worry - be insouciant. Perhaps your mind will rest easier if we explain that English speakers learned "insouciance" from the French in the 1700s (and the adjective "insouciant" has been part of our language since the 1800s). The French word comes from a combination of the negative prefix in- and soucier, meaning "to trouble or disturb." "Soucier" in turn traces to "sollicitus," the Latin word for "anxious." If it seems to you that "sollicitus" looks a lot like some other English words you've seen, you're right. That root also gave us "solicit" (which now means "to entreat" but which was once used to mean "to fill with concern or anxiety"), "solicitude" (meaning "uneasiness of mind"), and "solicitous" ("showing or expressing concern"). MD - negative prefix in- and soucier - traces to sollicitus - latin word for anxious - "solicit" (which now means "to entreat" but which was once used to mean "to fill with concern or anxiety") "no soliciters" sign makes the people inside experience the cheerful feeling of when nothing is bothering you.

Answer 44

memory of past encounters and positive feelings about enjoyed services. Since the time span between the two events is several hours, the sharing requires memory of past encounters and positive feelings about enjoyed services. We know this combination as gratitude. md - gratis - when something is free you have positive feeings about enjoyed services and you 1. keep a memory of this past encounter. Georgie with Carol Beitcher.

Answer 45

"Expectations also feed tit-for-tat barter, which is well known among animals despite Adam Smith's claim that 'nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for antother with another dog.' Smith may have been right about dogs, but wild chimpanzees in Guinea are known to raid papaya plantations in order to buy sex. Adult males usually steal large fruits, one for themselves, the other for a female with a genital swelling. The female waits at a quiet spot while the male risks the anger of farmers in order to bring her a delicious fruit, which he hands to her during or right after sex."

Answer 46

"Expectations also feed tit-for-tat barter, which is well known among animals despite Adam Smith's claim that 'nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for antother with another dog.' Smith may have been right about dogs, but wild chimpanzees in Guinea are known to raid papaya plantations in order to buy sex. Adult males usually steal large fruits, one for themselves, the other for a female with a genital swelling. The female waits at a quiet spot while the male risks the anger of farmers in order to bring her a delicious fruit, which he hands to her during or right after sex."

Answer 47

an equivalent given in return (as for an injury) : retaliation in kind "Expectations also feed tit-for-tat barter, which is well known among animals despite Adam Smith's claim that 'nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for antother with another dog.' Smith may have been right about dogs, but wild chimpanzees in Guinea are known to raid papaya plantations in order to buy sex. Adult males usually steal large fruits, one for themselves, the other for a female with a genital swelling. The female waits at a quiet spot while the male risks the anger of farmers in order to bring her a delicious fruit, which he hands to her during or right after sex." " "You can let those hooded people know that, from here on in, when they start taking the lives of innocent black people, we believe in tit for tat. If I were to go home and find some blood on the leg of one of my little girls, and my wife told me that a snake bit the child, I’d go looking for the snake. And if I found the snake, I wouldn’t necessarily take time to see if it had blood on its jaws. As far as I’m concerned the snake is the snake. So if snakes don’t want someone hunting snakes indiscriminately, I say that snakes should get together and clean out their snakey house. If snakes don’t want people running around indiscriminately chopping off the heads of snakes, my advice to snakes would be to keep their house in order. I think you well understand what I’m saying. Now those were twenty-one snakes that killed those three brothers down there. Twenty-one — those are snakes. And there is no law in any society on earth that would hold it against anyone for taking the heads of those snakes. Believe it, the whole world would honor you or honor anyone who did what the federal government refused to do." - Malcolm X MD - comes from middle english expression tap for tap which means blow for blow

Answer 48

A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. behavior, dogs have recently been classified as either “optimistic” or “pessimistic” while facing a given task. Dogs that get seriously upset when their owner leaves them alone at home—venting their frustration by destroying the house, relieving themselves, or furiously barking—are regarded as pessimistic. When presented with a food bowl of unknown content, they hesitate and approach slowly, perhaps expecting the bowl to be empty. Dogs that are less perturbed by separation, on the other hand, are considered more optimistic: they happily run toward the bowl, expecting it to be full. This so-called cognitive bias is also common in people. Cheery, easygoing people expect good things in life, whereas depressed ones believe that everything that can go wrong will go wrong. MD - A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world.

Answer 49

good The pigs in the enriched environment expected good things to happen and eagerly approached the ambiguous sound, but the ones kept in the barren environment did not see things the same way. They stayed away, perhaps expecting that stupid plastic bag again. If their housing was changed for better or worse, the pigs’ responses to the ambiguous sound followed suit, indicating that their daily life affected how they perceived the world. The cognitive bias test is informative, allowing us to verify the claims of companies that advertise their products as coming from happy animals, such as the well-known French spreadable cheese La vache qui rit (the laughing cow). The test can tell us if these animals really have anything to laugh about.20 The condition of looking forward to something desirable is what we call “hope.” A monkey looking for a lucrative trade, a

Answer 50

The dense fibrous opaque white outer coat enclosing the eyeball except the part covered by the cornea The area that surrounds the iris—called the sclera—is tinted in most animals but bright white in humans. — Popular Science, "Why your body looks so weird," 9 June 2020 The main issue here is trust. We trust people whose emotions we can read in heir faces over those who never show the slightest hint of shame or guilt. We have another characteristic that fits the same pattern: the white sclera around the eyes. They make our eye movements stand out more than those of, say, a chimpanzee, whose eyes are all dark and recessed in the shade of a prominent eyebrow ridge. There is no way to tell where a chimp is looking from the eyes alone, whereas humans have trouble obscuring their gaze direction or hiding the restless glancing that betrays nervousness. It hampers our manipulation of others. During human evolution, trustworthiness must have become such a premium that deceptive capacities had to be handicapped. It made us more attractive as partners. Blushing may be part of the same evolutionary package that gave us high-level cooperation and morality. MD - sclera - think of a sclereton (skeleton) Two which bones represent the skeleton and the sclera, there is an opening between them that is the cornea 1. dense - like a bone , 2. fibrous - like bone, 3. opaque, white outer coat like bone that 4. encloses the eyeball except for the part that covered by the cornea

Answer 51

Privacy For chimps, the only time sex has to be removed from public view is when a male and female worry about the jealousy of rivals. They will meet behind the bushes or travel away from the rest of the community, in a pattern that may be at the root of our desire for privacy. “Concealed copulation,” as biologists call it, is a fairly common phenomenon in animals. Sex being a major source of competition and violence, one way to keep the peace is by restricting its visibility. Humans take this need a step further than chimps, hiding not only the procreative act but also covering up any arousing or arousable body parts, at least in public. None of this occurs in bonobos, which is why these apes are often considered sexually “liberated.” But since privacy and repression are nonissues in their highly tolerant societies, liberation is a nonissue, too. They simply have no modesty, When two bonobos couple, the young sometimes jump on top of them to take a peek at the details. Or an adult may move in and press her genitals against one of the sex partners to take part in the fun. In this species, sexuality is more often shared than contested. A female may lie on her back masturbating in full view of everyone, and no one will blink an eye. She moves her fingers rapidly up and down her vulva, but she may also assign a foot to the job, keeping her hands free to groom her infant or consume a fruit. Bonobos are great multitaskers. MD - show a lesser than alpha (beta) mating behind bushes and then a human pair doing the same thing.

Answer 52

guilt about the action and shame more about the actor. Shame is concerned with judgment by the group, but guilt with judgment by oneself. Emotionally close to shame we find guilt. But guilt is concerned with an action, whereas shame is more about the actor. I shouldn’t have done this! is what a guilty person feels, whereas shame is more like Don’t look at me, I’m worthless! Shame is concerned with judgment by the group, but guilt with judgment by oneself. Going by its external signs, however, the two emotions are hard to tell apart, and the animal parallels are equally strong for both. This is why many dog owners are convinced that their pets feel guilt. The Internet features multiple videos about two dogs, one of whom has eaten the kitty kibble and the other who is innocent. My favorite is “Denver, the Guilty Dog,” in which Denver shows all the signs of realizing that punishment hangs over his head.27 No one doubts that dogs know when they are in trouble, but whether they actually feel guilty is a point of debate. MD - dog feels shame when owner chastises it for eating off the table. But does the dog actually feel guilty about eating off the table? I can't believe i did that - guilt vs. shame - I'm so embarrassed they saw me do that. Toobin masterbating doesn't feel guilt about it but feels ashamed that people saw it. MD - t chart - guilt and shame - act, actor - judgement by oneself, judgement by the group

Answer 53

hierarchical have only felines at home, no canines, so I never get to see the slightest trace of guilt in my pets, which has to do with the less hierarchical nature of cats. Dogs are sensitive to rule violations and understand them better. The original template of guilt remains the social hierarchy, even though humans internalize fear of punishment to such a degree that we blame ourselves. We essentially castigate ourselves by feeling bad about behavior that we agree we shouldn’t have shown, or about behavior that we should’ve shown but failed to. We are ready for atonement, such as making amends or accepting punishment.

Answer 54

avert In 1988, Jimmy Swaggart, a prominent American televangelist, was caught with a prostitute. Afterward he cried and cried on television, his face turning into a river, begging God and his congregation to forgive his sins. A few years later, he got caught again. What passes for an expression of guilt in humans is often, just as in dogs, a way to avert negative consequences rather than evidence of a deeply felt distinction between right and wrong.

Answer 55

tears or expressions of sorrow that are insincere Underneath it all is something much more fundamental than culture or religion. What feeds guilt and shame is a deep desire to belong, a survival issue for any social animal. The greatest underlying worry is rejection by the group. This is what drove Luit to embrace the females gathered around his wounded rival, Bully to go into a depression, teenagers to be embarrassed by their parents, and Swaggart to shed his crocodile tears. Concern about upsetting others and losing their love and respect is what ultimately drives human shame and guilt. Since etymology - The phrase derives from an ancient belief that crocodiles shed tears while consuming their prey, and as such is present in many modern languages, especially in Europe where it was introduced through Latin. MD - crocodile eating a wildabeast. I'm crying but i'm not actually sad.

Answer 56

1: IMITATIVE 2: relating to, characterized by, or exhibiting mimicry Mime - imitates what it looks like to be inside a box.

Answer 57

having a linear mark, slight ridge, or groove on a surface, often one of a number of similar parallel features. MD - sTRIated --\> tri-color in italian called tricolore, show italian flag having lines, then slight ridges, and grooves.

Answer 58

a unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second —abbreviation Hz MD - see diagram

Answer 59

Part of the brain responsible for disgust Disgust and dislike are among the oldest emotions and among the few to be linked to a specific brain area: the insular cortex (also known as the insula). Activation of this area creates a strong disgust for anything inside one’s mouth. Thus a monkey chewing peanuts with gusto will nevertheless spit them out as soon as his insula is stimulated. At the same time, he will change his facial expression, wrinkling his upper lip and nose together while using his tongue to shove food out of his mouth. MD - insular - ignorant of or uninterested in cultures, ideas, or peoples outside one's own experience: a stubbornly insular farming people - picture an insular farming person finding a taco disgusting.

Answer 60

It is the ritualization of muscle contractions that protect the eyes and the nostrils against incoming danger, such as wafts of foul air. The characteristic nose wrinkle is a ritualization of muscle contractions that protect the eyes and nostrils against incoming danger, such as wafts of foul air. In English, we say we “turn up our nose” at something. MD - show wrinkled nose as a shield to germs.

Answer 61

immune system Endearingly, when cats encounter a malodorous object, such as a dead cockroach, they scrape around the filthy thing with a paw to cover it, even if there is no dirt around, such as on the kitchen floor. All these reactions boil down to self-protection against harmful substances. “Visceral disgust,” as it’s known, is a behavioral extension of the immune system, coming from deep inside and nearly impossible to control. MD - keeps humans away from poop. show white blood cells extending their reach to outside a human blocking them from approaching poop.

Answer 62

something or someone that is not easily or immediately liked or appreciated. Clearly, we humans have acquired tastes and acquired disgusts. Animals make no such cultural distinctions, or so the argument goes, because they instinctively know what to eat and what not. MD - acquired taste - you have to work to like it, it's not easily or immediately liked or appreciated.

Answer 63

PRETENTIOUS, FANCY "My head is spinning from these highfalutin notions about a straightforward emotion that evolved to keep dangerous substances at bay." MD - possibly from high flown. person flying a 1. fancy plane very high above everybody else with their nose turned up - 2. pretensious

Answer 64

A layer of tissue on the inside of stomach. MD - see images

Answer 65

to lay in a bed of surrounding matter Md - picture somebody embedded in a bed. they can't get out because they are set firmly into a mass or material.

Answer 66

crease the skin around your brows or forehead md - image

Answer 67

a linear mark, slight ridge, or groove on a surface, often one of a number of similar parallel features. MD - see striated

Answer 68

deceptive There is no way to tell where a chimp is looking from the eyes alone, whereas humans have trouble obscuring their gaze direction or hiding the restless glancing that betrays nervousness. It hampers our manipulation of others. During human evolution, trustworthiness must have become such a premium that deceptive capacities had to be handicapped. It made us more attractive as partners. Blushing may be part of the same evolutionary package that gave us high-level cooperation and morality.

Answer 69

similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have different origins. For example, the wings of a fly, a moth, and a bird are analogous because they developed independently as adaptations to a common function—flying. Merriam Webster - The similarity of a structure or function of parts of different origins based on their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor is homology. Analogy, by contrast, is a functional similarity of structure that is based on mere similarity of use. For example, the forelimbs of humans, bats, and deer are homologous; the form of construction and the number of bones in each are almost identical and represent adaptive modifications of the forelimb structure of their shared ancestor. The wings of birds and insects, on the other hand, are merely analogous; both are used for flight, but they do not share a common ancestral origin.

Answer 70

color vision "The tropical rain forest contains thousands of different plants, of which primates eat the fruits and leaves. The majority of these plants are inedible, some are poisonous, and others make them sick, so how do primates know which species to exploit? They are very careful about what they eat and at what stage of ripeness. In fact, color vision is thought to have evolved in the primate order to assist with these distinctions. Chimpanzees also eat..."

Answer 71

gained by or as a result of effort or experience The Dutch primatologist Erica van de Waal (no relation) gave wild vervet monkeys open plastic boxes filled with maize corn, a food that these small grayish monkeys with black faces love. But there was a catch. Some of the kernels were blue, and some were pink. For one group, the blue kernels were good to eat, whereas the pink ones were laced with aloe, which tastes disgusting. For another group, treatment was reversed: the blue ones were treated with aloe, while the pink ones tasted good. Depending on which color corn was palatable and which not, some monkeys learned to eat blue, and others pink, by associative learning. But then the investigators removed the distasteful treatment from all the kernels and waited for new infants to be born. Several groups of monkeys now received perfectly palatable corn of both colors, but they all stubbornly stuck to their acquired preference, never discovering the improved taste of the alternative color. Of twenty-seven newborn infants, only one learned to eat food of both colors. The rest, like their mothers, never touched the other color even though it was freely available and tasted just as good as the other. Some youngsters even sat on the edge of the box with the rejected corn while happily feeding.. (no md)

Answer 72

A cat is a stalking animal and cleanliness helps it hide its scent. In stalking animals, cleanliness helps hide their scent from prey. House cats are said to spend as much as 25 percent of their waking time grooming themselves to reach a spotless condition. (no md)

Answer 73

narrow blind tube usually about three to four inches (8 to 10 centimeters) long that extends from the cecum in the lower right-hand part of the abdomen Even the appendix (the blind-ended little tube connected to the cecum) is not called “redundant” or “vestigial” anymore, because it has evolved independently so many times that its survival value is not in doubt. Its probable function is to harbor good bacteria, which help reboot the digestive tract, for example, after a severe case of cholera or dysentery. In the same way that every part of our body has its purpose, every emotion evolved for a reason. First...

Answer 74

especially : the blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine into which the ileum opens from one side and which is continuous with the colon

Answer 75

a tube that is open at one end.

Answer 76

variations, ancient, new This could be the story of all human emotions: they are variations on ancient emotions that we share with other mammals. Darwin defined evolution as descent with modification, which is another way of saying that evolution rarely creates anything completely new.

Answer 77

a person officially in charge of press relations for a usually prominent public figure In July 2017, when Sean Spicer, then the White House press secretary, was discovered hiding in the bushes to dodge questions from reporters, I knew Washington politics had become truly primatological. A few weeks earlier James Comey had on purpose worn a blue suit while standing in the back of a room with blue curtains so as to blend in. The tall FBI director hoped to go unnoticed and avoid a presidential hug. The tactic failed.

Answer 78

...the Donald squashed all his poor fellow candidates by puffing himself up, lowering his voice, and insulting them with demeaning nicknames, such as “Low-energy Jeb” and “Little Marco.” Strutting like a male chimp on steroids, he turned the primary essentially into a hypermasculine body language contest. The political issues of the day were secondary. We even heard anatomical comparisons based on the assumption that hand size says something about other body parts. At some unimaginable point in American history, the front-runner held up his hands and asked his audience if they looked small. He guaranteed that the rest of his body was of similar size.

Answer 79

stretched out with face on the ground in adoration or submission also : lying flat “You can see how loyal he was, he was begging for my endorsement. I could have said, ‘Drop to your knees!’ and he would have dropped to his knees.”1 In one swoop, Trump depicted Romney as untrustworthy while creating the visual of him in a prostrate position similar to how a low-ranking chimpanzee crawls in the dust for an alpha. webster - PRONE, SUPINE, PROSTRATE, RECUMBENT mean lying down. PRONE implies a position with the front of the body turned toward the supporting surface. push-ups require a prone position SUPINE implies lying on one's back and suggests inertness or abjectness. lying supine on the couch PROSTRATE implies lying full-length as in submission, defeat, or physical collapse. a runner fell prostrate at the finish line RECUMBENT implies the posture of one sleeping or resting. a patient comfortably recumbent in a hospital bed etymology - Middle English prostrat, from Anglo-French, from Latin prostratus, past participle of prosternere, from pro- before + sternere to spread out, throw down — more at STREW MD - think of prostitute, adoration and submission

Answer 80

Even though in our political system women vote and are able to occupy the highest office, thus allowing for a social order quite different from that of many other species, the fighting rules have hardly changed. They evolved over millions of years and are far too ingrained to be thrown out. A male generally curbs his physical power while confronting a female. This is as true for horses and lions as it is for apes and humans. These inhibitions reside so deeply in our psychology that we react strongly to violations. In all this, the rules for male-to-male and male-to-female combat are dramatically different, because for a male to kill another male is one thing, but to kill a female is plain stupid. Evolutionarily speaking, the whole reason why a male would try to rise to the top is to have females to produce offspring with. Even though in our political system women vote and are able to occupy the highest office, thus allowing for a social order quite different from that of many other species, the fighting rules have hardly changed. They evolved over millions of years and are far too ingrained to be thrown out. A male generally curbs his physical power while confronting a female. This is as true for horses and lions as it is for apes and humans. These inhibitions reside so deeply in our psychology that we react strongly to violations. In the movies, for example, it’s not terribly upsetting to see a woman slap a man’s face, but we cringe at the reverse.

Answer 81

top ranking male The term alpha male comes from wolf research, where it simply means the top-ranking male. Following Darwin’s antithesis principle, dominant (right) and subordinate (left) wolves adopt opposite postures. The dominant has his hair up and his ears forward; he walks on high legs while growling at the subordinate, who is ready to roll over, has his ears back, and utters high-pitched yelps. MD pick of dominant and submissive wolve

Answer 82

the alpha male Analyzing all instances in which one individual hugs another who has lost a fight, we found that although females generally console others more often than do males, there is one striking exception: the alpha male. This male acts as the healer-in-chief, comforting others in agony more than anyone else in the community. As soon as a fight erupts among its members, everyone turns to him to see how he is going to handle it. He is the final arbiter, intent on restoring harmony. He will impressively stand between screaming parties, with his arms raised, until things calm down. This is where Trump deviated dramatically from a true alpha male. He struggled with empathy. Instead of uniting and stabilizing the nation or expressing sympathy for suppressed or suffering parties, he kindled the flames of discord. It began with him making fun of a disabled journalist and has continued with his implicit support for white supremacists. For the primatologist, the comparisons of Trump’s behavior with that of alpha primates are limited, therefore, applying more to his climb to the top than to the execution of leadership.

Answer 83

a temporary alliance of distinct parties, persons, or states for joint action. ex. A multiparty coalition ruled the country. In retrospect, they desperately stuck together not despite but precisely because of the tensions among them. This sounds counterintuitive, but if power is derived from coalitions, any male who sleeps alone takes a risk. The other two will groom and play and get close, which is exactly what must be avoided. Chimpanzees are very aware of coalitions, both among themselves and among others. They will do anything to prevent hostile coalitions from forming. None of the three males had an interest, therefore, in seeing the other two spend the night without him. And even though Luit had deprived the other two males of the high ranks they once held, he may have been aware that in the end he would need their support rather than their opposition, which meant that he had needed to work on his relationships. For me, this shocking event had far-reaching consequences. For many nights afterward, I dreamed of the horrible sight that morning. At...

Answer 84

One day he got his comeuppance when a mass of angry apes set upon him after he lost a fight against a challenger. The actual attack was hard to see because of the dense undergrowth, but...

Answer 85

Physiological proof that being the alpha male is not all roses came from baboon droppings collected on the The big surprise, however, is that the top male is just as stressed as the males near the bottom of the hierarchy. plains of Kenya. Extraction of stress hormones from feces has shown that low-ranking males are much more stressed than high-ranking ones. This sounds logical, because subordinates are chased around and excluded from contact with females. The big surprise, however, is that the top male is just as stressed as the males near the bottom of the hierarchy. This applies only to the highest-ranking male, as he is constantly on the lookout for signs of insubordination and collusion that might unseat him.8 “Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown,” wrote Shakespeare about King Henry IV, which may apply equally to alpha male baboons and chimpanzees.

Answer 86

xenophilic Because bonobos freely help strangers to reach a goal, researchers call them xenophilic (attracted to strangers), whereas they consider chimpanzees xenophobic (fearing or disliking strangers).14 The bonobo brain reflects these differences. Areas involved in the perception of another’s distress, such as the amygdala and anterior insula, are enlarged in the bonobo compared to the chimpanzee.

Answer 87

aren't Because bonobos freely help strangers to reach a goal, researchers call them xenophilic (attracted to strangers), whereas they consider chimpanzees xenophobic (fearing or disliking strangers).14 The bonobo brain reflects these differences. Areas involved in the perception of another’s distress, such as the amygdala and anterior insula, are enlarged in the bonobo compared to the chimpanzee.

Answer 88

In evolutionary terms, all that matters is who passes on their genes. Since the females can only be pregnant with one child at a time, they are less likely to fight for the alpha position, which for a male, offers a multitude of females to impregnate. Female bonobos have a relatively carefree existence thanks to this camaraderie, which keeps male violence in check.20... That’s because for females there is always less at stake than for males. In evolutionary terms, all that matters is who passes on their genes. Males can do better in this regard than any female, because a top position allows them to impregnate a multitude of females. For females, the evolutionary game is radically different. Regardless of rank and number of mates, a female still gets only one infant at a time. Because of the way reproduction works, male status carries a bigger premium. Bonobo females, however, do the next best thing. They are fierce supporters of their sons in the male hierarchy.

Answer 89

a large number Males can do better in this regard than any female, because a top position allows them to impregnate a multitude of females. For females, the evolutionary game is radically different. Regardless of rank and number of mates, a female still gets only one infant at a time. Because of the way reproduction works, male status carries a bigger premium.

Answer 90

something given as an award. Males can do better in this regard than any female, because a top position allows them to impregnate a multitude of females. For females, the evolutionary game is radically different. Regardless of rank and number of mates, a female still gets only one infant at a time. Because of the way reproduction works, male status carries a bigger premium.

Answer 91

having undergone menopause - the natural cessation of menstruation that usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 Women begin to appeal as leaders only after they have become invisible to the male gaze by leaving their reproductive years behind. Modern female heads of state have all been postmenopausal, such as Golda Meir, Indira Gandhi, and Margaret Thatcher. The most powerful woman of our era, Angela Merkel of Germany, doesn’t even like to draw attention to her gender, dressing as neutrally as possible. Merkel is a skilled and shrewd politician who is unimpressed by men. When Vladimir Putin received her at his Russian dacha in 2007, he introduced his large pet Labrador to her, knowing full well that Merkel was scared of dogs.

Answer 92

emotions are extracted from our “appraisals” (i.e., our evaluations, interpretations, and explanations) of events. These appraisals lead to different specific reactions in different people. . Emotion-based reactions have this gigantic advantage over reflex-like behavior: they pass through a filter of experience and learning known as appraisal. I wish early ethologists had thought of this, instead of clinging to the instinct concept, which is now largely outdated. Instincts are knee-jerk reactions, which are pretty useless in an ever-changing world. Emotions are much more adaptable, because they operate like intelligent instincts. They still produce the desired behavioral change, but only after a careful evaluation of the situation. This evaluation may take only a fraction of a second, yet depends on comparing current conditions with past experience, such as the zebra on the savanna is doing. If I’m planning a picnic, for example, the sight of rain will depress me, but if I intend to stay home, my wet Dutch background kicks in: I love seeing rain outside my window. Banging noises from a car muffler freak out those who have lived through military combat, while others barely notice. The sound of a barking dog scares us until we see he’s on a leash. Emotions always run through an appraisal filter, which explains why different people react differently to the same situation. We...

Answer 93

an internal organ of the bodyespecially : one (such as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper 2viscera The computer metaphor for the brain is profoundly misleading given that the brain is wired in a million ways to the body and is an integrated part of it. The human mind makes no distinction between body and brain and represents both. I am not at all convinced therefore that waking up in a digital format will be a happy moment. Happiness is visceral, and a brain severed from the viscera probably doesn’t feel anything.3...

Answer 94

Wealth itself does not make us happy, but rather our wealth relative to that of others. The so-called Easterlin Paradox was named after Richard Easterlin, an American economist who noticed that within every society, rich people tend to be happier than poor ones. So far so good, but Easterlin also found that if an entire society grows richer, its average well-being doesn’t go up. In other words, people in a wealthy nation do not feel any better than those in a poor one. How is this possible if wealth makes us happy? The answer is that it is not wealth per se that enhances well-being but relative wealth.

Answer 95

useless This led to a relatively simple experiment that exploited the talent of capuchins for barter, which they do spontaneously. If you ever forget a screwdriver in their cage, you need only point at the tool and hold up a peanut, and they will hand it to you through the mesh. They are so fond of barter that they will even bring you a dried orange peel in exchange for a pebble, both useless items. More remarkable still, after they place the object in your palm, they may grab your fingers with their tiny hands to bend them inward, thus closing your hand around the object, as if saying, There you go, hold it tight! We used this natural talent, which probably relates to food sharing, to put our monkeys to work. We had noticed that inequity reactions occur only if effort is involved. If you just feed two monkeys different foods, they barely notice, but if both of them work for it, all of a sudden it matters what one gets relative to another. Food has to serve as a salary, so to speak, for inequity to become an issue.

Answer 96

any of a family (Canidae) of carnivorous animals that includes the wolves, jackals, foxes, coyote, and the domestic dog Sensitivity to reward distribution helps ensure payoffs for both parties, which is essential for continued cooperation. It is probably no accident that the animals most sensitive to inequity—chimps, capuchins, and canids—hunt in groups and share meat. MD - There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant Caninae.[5] The Caninae are known as canines,[6] and include domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes and other extant and extinct species.

Answer 97

to set right : REMEDY The enormous investment we make in rectifying unfairness and injustice—the screaming protests, the marches, the violence, the endurance of police beatings and water cannons, the trolling and bullying on Facebook—remind us that we aren’t dealing with some bloodless mental construct. Absence of fairness and justice shakes us to the core, something that no amount of elegant abstract reasoning will ever accomplish.

Answer 98

Epidemiological data show that the more unequal a human society is, the shorter-lived its citizens are. Large income disparities tear the social fabric apart by reducing mutual trust, stirring up social tensions, and creating anxieties that compromise the immune system of both the rich and the poor.20 The rich may retreat into gated communities, but that doesn’t make them immune to the tensions. If inequality reaches extreme levels, a society may even face the explosive situation for which the French Revolution, for once, does carry an important lesson. Humans seek to level the playing field, and if efforts to achieve this are blocked for too long, we may bring in the guillotine.

Answer 99

a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population MD - think epidemic3 etymology of epidemic - epi "among, upon" (see epi-) + dēmos "people, district" (see demotic).

Answer 100

really is the glue which holds a society together. It is the bonds which people share, that can help to form a culturally rich and socially cohesive community. Large income disparities tear the social fabric apart by reducing mutual trust, stirring up social tensions, and creating anxieties that compromise the immune system of both the rich and the poor.20 The rich may retreat into gated communities, but that doesn’t make them immune to the tensions. If inequality reaches extreme levels, a society may even face the explosive situation for which the French Revolution, for once, does carry an important lesson. Humans seek to level the playing field, and if efforts to achieve this are blocked for too long, we may bring in the guillotine.

Answer 101

the power of choosing or determining : WILL Those who believe in free will argue that we can simply set aside the body and its nonvolitional desires and emotions and rise above them. etymology - Volition ultimately derives from the Latin verb velle, meaning "to will" or "to wish." (The adjective "voluntary" descends from the same source.) English speakers borrowed the term from French in the 17th century, using it at first to mean "an act of choosing." Its earliest known English use appeared in Thomas Jackson's 1615 Commentaries upon the Apostle's Creed: "That such acts, again, as they appropriate to the will, and call volitions, are essentially and formally intellections, is most evident." The second sense of volition, meaning "the power to choose," had developed by the mid-18th century. MD - think of a prairie vole not having any volition because of the oxytocin that's releasd that make it stay coupled up.

Answer 102

According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the id is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. 1 If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. Freud made a big deal about it, depicting it as a fierce battle between the id, which seeks the pleasure of relief, and the superego, which absorbs society’s rules and wishes.

Answer 103

is a set of mental skills that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control. We use these skills every day to learn, work, and manage daily life. Trouble with executive function can make it hard to focus, follow directions, and handle emotions, among other things. We care more about the action side than the feeling side because the value of emotions is in the behavior that they generate, from a baby’s hungry cry to an elephant’s annoyed charge. Emotions evolved for a reason, and whereas natural selection cannot “see” feelings, it does pay attention to actions with consequences. Yet, how the emotions evolved remains a mystery. An even greater mystery is how emotions are regulated to guarantee optimal outcomes. Emotions don’t always know what’s best for the organism. Most of the time they do, but sometimes it’s better to ignore them or steer our behavior in a different direction. We humans employ fancy terminology to describe how we handle this problem, such as executive function, effortful control, and emotion regulation. is a set of mental skills that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control. Think of Chief Executive Officer - We use these skills every day to learn, work, and manage daily life. Trouble with executive function can make it hard to focus, follow directions, and handle emotions, among other things.

Answer 104

to engage in sexual intercourse ...between avoiding an attacker and reconciling, or between copulating and repelling a rival. MD -

Answer 105

3 Brains of humans and apes start out at similar size in the fetus, but then the human brain keeps expanding throughout gestation, whereas the ape brain’s growth slows down about halfway.32 The result is an adult human brain that is three times larger and counts more neurons (a total of 86 billion) than any ape brain. We may not have a different computer, but we definitely have a more powerful one. No one is saying that human cognition isn’t special, but it’s time to recognize that the interplay between intelligence and emotions, as reflected in frontal lobe dimensions, is likely to be the same across all the primates.33...

Answer 106

: the process of reducing or suppressing a response to a stimulus specifically : reduction in a cellular response to a molecule (as insulin) due to a decrease in the number of receptors on the cell surface We know how important emotion regulation is for human children. In order to show empathy, they need to control their own distress. A young child who sees and hears another child cry may become distressed herself, resulting in two crying children. The second child is not as deeply distressed as the first, however, and often snaps out of it. This allows her to pay attention to the first and provide comfort. Children who are unable to downregulate their own emotions, however, are overwhelmed and not good at showing concern for others.

Answer 107

enlarged, negative We know from brain research that institutionally reared children have enlarged, overly active amygdalas—an area of the brain involved in emotional processing—and pay excessive attention to negative information. They are easily frightened. Their emotion regulation and mental health are permanently damaged, which is why the Romanian orphanages were known as the “slaughterhouses of souls.”

Answer 108

...offspring. These calves are less socially active and adept, and more easily stressed, than those that have been allowed to stay with their mothers: their emotional appraisals are messed up, and they are quickly thrown off balance.39 We know far too little about these processes, partly because of the long-standing taboo on animal emotions, but also due to the popular notion that animals are mere wantons without emotional control. For cows, bonobos, and many other species, however, emotional intelligence is absolutely crucial. Their boats don’t just drift down a river of feelings—they are equipped with rudders and oars to help them navigate. Being raised without love and attachment removes these tools, which is why orphans have such trouble achieving emotional equilibrium.

Answer 109

This animal has a three-ton body and forty thousand muscles in its trunk alone (not to mention its prehensile penis); it must carefully orchestrate every step (think of the tiny calves walking between the legs of their mothers and aunties), and it has more genes dedicated to smell than any other species on earth. Are we certain that it is less aware of its own physique and its surroundings than we are? The complexity of a body, its moving parts, and its sensory inputs are no doubt where consciousness began. In this regard, the elephant is second to none. Not...

Answer 110

a complicated or confused situation: It is with some trepidation, therefore, that I wade into the morass of animal sentience and consciousness.

Answer 111

the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume. Clearly, we don’t treat them well, at least not most of them. It’s easier for us to live with this fact by simply assuming that animals are dumb automatons devoid of feelings and awareness, as science has done for a long time. If animals are like rocks, we can throw them onto a heap and stomp on them. If they are not, however, we have a serious moral dilemma on our hands. In this era of factory farming, animal sentience is the elephant in the room. There are thousands of animals in zoos, millions in labs, and millions more in human homes, but literally billions and billions of animals in the farm industry. Of the entire terrestrial vertebrate biomass on earth, wild animals constitute only about three percent, humans one-quarter, and livestock almost three-quarters!

Answer 112

meat Attraction to meat has shaped our social evolution. The gathering of fruits, which are small and dispersed, is mostly an individual job, but the hunting of large game demands teamwork. One man alone doesn’t bring home a giraffe or mammoth. Our ancestors deviated from the apes by hunting animals larger than themselves, which required the sort of camaraderie and mutual dependence that is at the root of complex societies. We owe our cooperative nature, our food-sharing tendencies, our sense of fairness, and even our morality to the subsistence hunting of our ancestors. Furthermore, since carnivores are on average larger-brained than herbivores and since brains require a great deal of energy to grow and operate, the consumption of animal protein along with effective food processing (such as fermentation and cooking) are seen as driving forces behind our ancestors’ neural expansion.7 Animal protein provided them with the optimal mix of calories, lipids, proteins, and essential B12 vitamins to grow large brains. Without meat, we might not have become the intellectual powerhouses we are today.

Answer 113

B vitamins are essential to the conversion of food energy into ATP, which is the form of energy your cells use. Lots of energy drinks have B12 vitamins that supposedluy give you more energy Animal protein provided them with the optimal mix of calories, lipids, proteins, and essential B12 vitamins to grow large brains. Without meat, we might not have become the intellectual powerhouses we are today.

Answer 114

the capacity to experience, feel, or perceive. In its broadest sense, sentience characterizes every organism, such as the eukaryotic cell, which strives for a steady chemical balance inside its walls. Seeking homeostasis requires the cell to sense its interior concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH level, and so on, and to “know” what actions, such as osmosis, to undertake to restore balance. Being part of the fabric of nature, we constantly weigh our interests against those of other organisms, typically favoring our own. The sentience question is the most complex of the three. Sentience is defined as the capacity to experience, feel, or perceive. In its broadest sense, sentience characterizes every organism, such as the eukaryotic cell, which strives for a steady chemical balance inside its walls. Seeking homeostasis requires the cell to sense its interior concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH level, and so on, and to “know” what actions, such as osmosis, to undertake to restore balance. The American microbiologist James Shapiro has gone so far as to claim that “living cells and organisms are cognitive (sentient) entities that act and interact purposefully to ensure survival, growth, and proliferation.”9 Similarly, the neuroscientist Antonio Damasio writes about the cell in The Feeling of What Happens, a 1999 book about inner experiences...

Answer 115

...requires something not unlike perception in order to sense imbalance; it requires something not unlike implicit memory, in the form of disposition for an action, in order to hold its technical know-how; it requires something not unlike a skill to perform a pre-emptive or corrective action. If all this sounds to you like the description of important functions of our brain, you are correct. The fact is, however, that I am not talking about a brain, because there is no nervous system inside the little cell.

Answer 116

A eukaryotic cell contains membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum. Organisms based on the eukaryotic cell include protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals. These organisms are grouped into the biological domain Eukaryota. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells found in domains Archaea and Bacteria. The survival interests of organisms often collide, so that one organism cannot survive without infringing upon another’s interests. This is certainly true for all animals, which lack the capacity to convert sunlight into energy. As a result, animals must ingest organic matter to obtain the calories they need for survival. All animals maim or kill other organisms. Even the most organic vegetable farmer cannot help but violate the interests of other life-forms by stealing the habitat of wild animals, eradicating insects with natural pesticides, and sacrificing plants to human consumption. Being part of the fabric of nature, we constantly weigh our interests against those of other organisms, typically favoring our own. The sentience question is the most complex of the three. Sentience is defined as the capacity to experience, feel, or perceive. In its broadest sense, sentience characterizes every organism, such as the eukaryotic cell, which strives for a steady chemical balance inside its walls. Seeking homeostasis requires the cell to sense its interior concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH level, and so on, and to “know” what actions, such as osmosis, to undertake to restore balance. The American microbiologist James Shapiro has gone so far as to claim that “living cells and organisms are cognitive (sentient) entities that act and interact purposefully to ensure survival, growth, and proliferation.”9 Similarly, the neuroscientist Antonio Damasio writes about the cell in The Feeling of What Happens, a 1999 book about inner experiences...

Answer 117

Plant “behavior” can be quite complex, such as the heliotropism of sunflowers, which track the sun’s movement across the sky yet reorient overnight to the east where the sun will come up. I put “behavior” between quotation marks, however, because it mostly boils down to the release of chemicals and directional growth, even if some plants respond faster, such as the carnivorous Venus flytrap, which closes its leaves around insects, or plants that respond to touch, such as mimosa. In a curious parallel to the loss of consciousness that mammals are capable of, these plants lose their touch-sensitivity and mobility in response to the same medical anesthetics applied to hospital patients.

Answer 118

the major cord of nerve fibers running the length of an animal's body, especially a ventral cord in invertebrates that connects segmental nerve ganglia. We don’t know if oysters and mussels, for example, experience internal states given that they have only a few nerve cords and ganglia (clusters of nerves) and no brain. Like plants, they have no (oysters) or limited (mussels) ways of avoiding painful situations by moving out of their way. Apart from clamming up, they lack the behavioral apparatus for which pain sensations would make sense. I am reluctant to grant bivalves sentience in the narrow sense, therefore.

Answer 119

Episodic memory is the memory of every day events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual information) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places; for example, the party on one's 7th birthday.[1] Along with semantic memory, it comprises the category of explicit memory, one of the two major divisions of long-term memory (the other being implicit memory).[2] Episodic memory is a category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences. Your memories of your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party, and your brother's graduation are all examples of episodic memories. The possibility that rats have a mental workspace where they review their own memories is not so far-fetched given the growing evidence that they can “replay” memories of past events in their brain.20 This kind of memory, known as episodic memory, is different from associative learning, as when a dog learns that by responding to the command “sit,” he will be rewarded with a cookie. To create the association, the trainer has to give the dog the reward right away—an interval of even just a few minutes is not going to be helpful. In contrast to this kind of learning, episodic memory is the capacity to think back to a specific event, sometimes long ago, the way we do when we think of, say, our wedding day. We remember our clothes, the weather, the tears, who danced with whom, and which uncle ended up under the table. This kind of precise memory requires consciousness, the way Marcel Proust, in Remembrance of Things Past, relived his childhood after tasting a little tea-soaked madeleine. Colorful and alive, these memories are actively called up and dwelled upon.

Answer 120

sensitivity in a broad sense to the environment and one’s own internal state so as to maintain homeostasis and safeguard one’s existence All in all, my discussion here distinguishes three levels of sentience. The first level is sensitivity in a broad sense to the environment and one’s own internal state so as to maintain homeostasis and safeguard one’s existence. Self-preserving sentience, which may be fully unconscious and automated, characterizes every plant, animal, and other organism and may be the basis of all higher forms. MD Waal's 3 level of sentience Waalrus adjusting it's temperature. 1. sensitivity to the environment and one's own internal state so as to maintain homeostasis. Waalrus rembembering that too much time in the water will make it's body cold. 2.

Answer 121

remembered

Answer 122

a natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic substance that typically binds to the same cell receptors as opium and produces similar narcotic effects (such as sedation, pain relief, slowed breathing, and euphoria): Rats actively seek out tickling fingers, he found, probably rewarded by opioids in their brains. MD - a natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic substance that typically binds to the same cell receptors as opium and produces similar narcotic effects (such as sedation, pain relief, slowed breathing, and euphoria): MD strictly word parts - suffix "oid" means resembling - resembling opium (which is natural) so it can be 1. natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substance that has the same effects

Answer 123

Emotions affect the body as much as the mind. Asked which body parts they sense the most during certain emotions, people from three different cultures colored in silhouette figures. They agreed that anger is felt mostly in the head and torso and happiness all over the body. Shame, by contrast, heats up head and cheeks, but cools off the rest of the body, whereas during sadness most of the body is numb. Based on a study by Nummenmaa et al. (2014).

Answer 124

Nociception (also nocioception, from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is the sensory nervous system's process of encoding noxious stimuli. In nociception, intense chemical (e.g., cayenne powder), mechanical (e.g., cutting, crushing), or thermal (heat and cold) stimulation of sensory nerve cells called nociceptors produces a signal that travels along a chain of nerve fibers via the spinal cord to the brain.[1] Nociception triggers a variety of physiological and behavioral responses and usually results in a subjective experience, or perception, of pain in sentient beings. Like many animals, they have receptors on neuron axons that react to peripheral tissue damage. This is known as nociception, which is automatic, the way we pull back our finger upon touching a hot stove, even before we’ve become aware of the pain. Nociceptors send signals to the brain, which instructs the body to get rid of or move away from the threat. It has long been argued that fish have only this reflex-like pain system.

Answer 125

harmful, poisonous, or very unpleasant