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GI- WK 1-3 > Salivary Secretion & Function > Flashcards

Salivary Secretion & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual
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2
Q

What is the functional unit of salivary glands?

A

Salivon

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3
Q

What is the rough structure of the salivary glands?

A

Broccoli shaped

  • external capsule
  • Septae: separating lobes and lobules
  • lobules: contain salivon, functional unit
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4
Q

What 3 things are found in the Salivon?

A
  • secretory acinus
  • intercalated duct
  • striated duct
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5
Q

What cells form the central lumen around the secretory Acinus?

A
  1. Serous cells

2. Mucous cells

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6
Q

What kind of secretion do serous cells produce?

A

Watery secretion rich in A-amylase

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7
Q

What kind of secretion do mucous cells produce?

A

Thick mucous rich saliva

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8
Q

What are the main functions of saliva?

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Protection
  3. Digestion
  4. Others
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9
Q

What are the effects of lubrication? what contents of saliva make this possible?

A

Water and mucus contents

Aids food movement. Facilitates speech & swallowing.

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10
Q

What protection does saliva offer?

A

Against bacteria + their metabolic products.

Protects teeth.

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11
Q

How does saliva help with digestion?

A
  • A-amylase stimulates complex carb digestion

- lingual lipase= fat digestion

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12
Q

What are the main electrolyte constituents of saliva?

A

Na,K,Ca,Cl,P04,HCO3,I

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13
Q

Concentration of these electrolytes except _ and _ are lower in saliva than the rest of the body?

A

K & HC03

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14
Q

Parotid gland produces what type of secretion?

A

watery A-amylase rich

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15
Q

Submandibular gland produces what type of secretion?

A

Thicker than parotid secretion

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16
Q

Sublingual gland produces what type of secretion?

A

Thick mucus based

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17
Q

How is HC03 concentration affected by salivary flow rate?

A

Increases with rate

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18
Q

How is K concentration affected by salivary flow rate?

A

Decreases with rate

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19
Q

What are the two stages in saliva formation?

A
  1. Primary secretion (acinar cells)

2. Secondary modification (duct cells)

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20
Q

What happens in secondary modification?

A

Na & Cl Influx
K & HC03 Efflux

Influx exceeds efflux–> Overall diluting effect.

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21
Q

What two types of reflexes control saliva secretion?

A
  1. Simple- stimulated by presence of food in mouth

2. Acquired- brought on by sight, smell, thought of food

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22
Q

Which one (para/symp) of the autonomic nervous system is dominant in saliva secretion under resting conditions?

A

Parasympathetic.

Sympathetic- stimulated in stressful situation

23
Q

Which nerves are used in parasympathetic salivary secretion?

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal (CN9)

2. Facial (CN7)

24
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on type of saliva produced and blood flow?

A

Large volume, watery, enzyme rich.
Mediated by- M3/M1 AcH receptors

Blood flow- increases

25
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation reach the mouth to cause salivary secretion?

A
  1. Post ganglionic fibres from superior cervical ganglia

2. Adrenaline from adrenal medulla

26
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on type of saliva produced and blood flow?

A

Small volume, mucus thick saliva
Blood flow reduced.

Mediated by (A & b1 receptors)

27
Q

Which Cranial nerve controls relaxation of the stomach?

A

CN 10- Vagus nerve

28
Q

What food group is digested in the stomach? by what?

A

Proteins. By pepsin and HCL

29
Q

What is chyme

A

food + gastric secretion

30
Q

Is the pyloric sphincter open or closed when food is mixed in the stomach?

A

Closed

31
Q

When does the pyloric sphincter open?

A

When food passes from stomach to duodenum.

Opens sufficiently to allow semi liquid chyme to pass.

32
Q

What drives this movement of food from stomach to duodenum?

A

Peristalsis

33
Q

What two factors does rate of stomach emptying depend on?

A
  1. Gastric factors

2. Duodenal factors

34
Q

What are the gastric factors that affect rate of emptying? (2)

A

Consistency & volume of chyme.

Affected by:

  • Gastric motility
  • intrinsic nerve activity
  • Vagus nerve activity
  • gastrin release
35
Q

In what two ways can the duodenum delay gastric emptying?

A
  1. Neuronal response

2. Hormonal response

36
Q

What is the neuronal response known as? what happens in it?

A

Enterogastric reflex- intrinsic nerve plexus & ANS= decreases Peristaltic activity

37
Q

What is the hormonal response known as and what happens?

A

Enterogastrone release- e.g. CCK release from duodenum inhibits stomach contraction

38
Q

What are the two areas of gastric gland secretions?

A
  1. Pyloric gland area

2. Oxyntic mucosa

39
Q

What are the secretions of the Oxyntic mucosa and each of their functions? (5)

A
  1. HCL: Pepsinogen–> pepsin
  2. Pepsinogen- inactive precursor
  3. Intrinsic factor- binding of Vitamin B12 for absorption
  4. Histamine- HCL secretion
  5. Mucus- protective
40
Q

What are the secretions of the Pyloric gland area and each of their functions?

A
  1. Gastrin- HCL secretion
  2. Somatostatin- Inhibits HCL secretion
  3. Mucus- protective
41
Q

What are the 3 phases of Gastric secretion?

A
  1. Cephalic- before food reaches stomach
  2. Gastric- in stomach
  3. Intestinal- left the stomach
42
Q

What happens in the Cephalic phase?

A

Prepares stomach for food

Increased Secretions of

  • Gastrin
  • Histamine
  • AcH

Reduced secretion of
- Somatostatin

43
Q

What happens in the Gastric phase?

A
  1. Distension (promotes peristalsis)

2. Protein digestion products released

44
Q

What happens in the Intestinal phase?

A

Gastric secretions switched off.
Same factors also reduce gastric motility.
Somatostatin increased

45
Q

How is the mucosa protected from attack by HCL and pepsin?

A

Release of Prostaglandin E2 and I2 (PGE2, PGI2)

46
Q

How do the prostaglandins protect the mucosa?

A
  • Increase mucus + bicarb production
  • Reduce acid secretion
  • Increase mucosal blood flow
47
Q

How does a peptic ulcer develop?

A

Damage to the mucosa by HCL and pepsin.

48
Q

What main type of drug can cause Peptic ulcers?

A

NSAID’s like Aspirin

49
Q

What bacteria can cause infection in peptic ulcers?

A

H.Pylori- helicobacter pylori

50
Q

What are the 4 main mechanisms of action that reduce acid section?

A
  1. Inhibition of proton pump
  2. Competeive antagonism of histamine receptors
  3. Competitive antagonism of M1,M3 receptors
  4. Antagonism of gastrin receptors
51
Q

Example of a proton pump inhibitor? How does it work?

A

Omeprazole.
Inhibits Active H/K dependent ATPase proton pump.

Note- only works on active proton pumps, and in a strong acidic environment

52
Q

Example of Histamine agonist? Mechanism?

A

Ranitidine, Cimetidine

Competitive inhibitor of H2 histamine receptors
Block histamine mediated acid secretion

53
Q

What are two examples of mucosal strengtheners?

A
  1. Sucralfate- binds with mucosa to improve barrier function. Increases mucosal blood flow, HC03, PGE production
  2. Bismuth Chealate- eradicates H.pylori.

GI- WK 1-3 (25 decks)

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