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MT6328 > S1 LEC: RENAL FUNCTION > Flashcards

S1 LEC: RENAL FUNCTION Flashcards

1
Q

Four main components for the excretion of unwanted substances

A

Kidney
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

Connects the urinary system with reproductive system

A

Urethra

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3
Q

Allows gas exchange

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Renal Function:

Allow substances to be removed or filtered

A

Glomerular Filtration

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5
Q

The functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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6
Q

Approximate number of nephrons per kidney

A

1-1.5 million

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7
Q

Nephron responsible for the removal of waste products and reabsorption of nutrients

A

Cortical (85%)

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8
Q

Nephron responsible in the concentration of urine and reabsorption of water

A

Juxtamedullary (15%)

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9
Q

Human kidney receives ___ of the blood

A

25%

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10
Q

Blood enters the nephron via ___

A

afferent arteriole

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11
Q

Blood flows through the glomerulus and into the ___

A

efferent arteriole

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12
Q

Blood from the efferent arteriole enters the ___ and ___ for immediate reabsorption

A

Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta

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13
Q

Provides for immediate reabsorption of essential substances for proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

A

Peritubular capillaries

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14
Q

Normal value of total renal plasma flow

A

600-700 mL/min

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15
Q

Normal value of total renal blood flow

A

approx. 1200 mL/min

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16
Q

Nonselective filter of plasma substances

A

Glomerulus

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17
Q

Plasma filtrate must pass through three membranes, namely:

A
  1. Capillary wall membrane
  2. Basement membrane (basal lamina)
  3. Visceral epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule
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18
Q

Results from the smaller size of the efferent arterioles and the glomerular capillaries

A

Glomerular Pressure

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19
Q

T/F: Glomerular pressure enhances the filtration process

A

True

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20
Q

Regulates the blood flow to and within the glomerulus

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

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21
Q

RAAS respond to changes in the ___ and ___

A

Blood pressure
Plasma sodium content

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22
Q

Responsible for vasoconstriction

A

Angiotensin II

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23
Q

Responsible for sodium reabsorption

A

Angiotensin II (PCT)
Aldosterone (DCT)

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24
Q

Responsible for water reabsorption

A

ADH

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25
Q

Plasma concentration where the active transport stops

A

Renal threshold

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26
Q

Reabsorption of water happens in the renal tubules except in ___

A

Ascending loop of Henle

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27
Q

Renal threshold of glucose

A

160-180 mg/dL

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28
Q

Identify the cellular mechanism of reabsorption:

Glucose, amino acids, salts

A

Active

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29
Q

Identify the cellular mechanism of reabsorption:

Chloride

A

Active

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30
Q

Identify the cellular mechanism of reabsorption:

Sodium

A

Active and Passive

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31
Q

Identify the cellular mechanism of reabsorption:

Water

A

Passive

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32
Q

Identify the cellular mechanism of reabsorption:

Urea

A

Passive

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33
Q

Renal concentration begins in the ___

A

Descending and ascending loop of Henle

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34
Q

Na and Cl are reabsorbed in the ___

A

Ascending loop of Henle

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35
Q

Water is removed by osmosis in the ___

A

Descending loop of Henle

36
Q

Ensures the unidirectional flow of urine

A

Countercurrent mechanism

37
Q

A selective reabsorption process that serves to maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla

A

Countercurrent mechanism

38
Q

Involves the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to the tubular filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

39
Q

Two major functions of tubular secretion

A
  1. Elimination of waste products not filtered by glomerulus
  2. Regulation of acid-base balance through secretion of H ions
40
Q

How many percent of bicarbonate should be reabsorbed to ensure it buffering efficiency in the blood?

A

100%

41
Q

Major site for removal of nonfiltered substances

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

42
Q

Measures the rate in mL per minute at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood

A

Glomerular filtration test

43
Q

An exogenous substance that is a polymer of fructose and is used in clearance test in the past

A

Inulin

44
Q

A clearance test used in the past which requires a 2-hour sample

A

Urea clearance test

44
Q

Most commonly used clearance test

A

Creatinine clearance test

44
Q

The earliest clearance test

A

Urea clearance test

44
Q

The main advantage of inulin clearance test

A

Extremely stable, not reabsorbed

45
Q

Used for routinely screening patients as part of a metabolic profile and to monitor patients already diagnosed with renal disease or at risk for renal disease

A

eGFR

46
Q
A
47
Q

A clearance test recommended for pediatric patients, elder, people with diabetes, and critically-ill patients

A

Cystatin C clearance test

48
Q

Dissociates from human leukocyte antigen at a constant rate and is removed rapidly from the plasma by glomerular filtration

A

Beta 2-microglobulin (B2M)

49
Q

Most sensitive indicator of a decrease in GFR

A

Beta 2-microglobulin (B2M)

50
Q

Used to determine the ability of the tubules to reabsorb essential salts and water that have been non-selectively filtered by the glomerulus

A

Concentration test

51
Q

Measures only the number of particles in a solution

A

Osmolality

52
Q

Performed for a more accurate evaluation of renal concentrating ability

A

Osmolality

53
Q

Determines the ability of the kidney to respond to the body’s state of hydration

A

Free water clearance

54
Q

Most commonly associated test with the tubular secretion and renal blood flow

A

P-aminohippuric acid (PAH)

55
Q

Standard tests used to measure the filtering capacity of the
glomeruli

A

Clearance tests

56
Q

Tests to determine the ability of the tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water that have been nonselectively filtered by the glomerulus

A

Concentration tests

57
Q

Repels small molecules with a negative charge

A

Shield of negativity

58
Q

A restriction for large molecules that is present in the basement membrane and thin membranes covering the filtration slits

A

Podocytes

59
Q

T/F: Pores increase capillary permeability but do not allow passage of large molecules and blood cells

A

True

60
Q

T/F: Glomerular pressure enhances water reabsorption

A

False (it enhances filtration)

61
Q

The angiotensin converting enzymes are produced in the ___

A

Lungs

62
Q

The angiotensin converting enzymes are produced in the ___

A

Lungs

63
Q

The ADH is stored in the ___

A

Posterior pituitary gland

64
Q

Where are Glucose, Amino acids, Salts reabsorbed?

A

PCT

65
Q

Where is Chloride reabsorbed?

A

Ascending Loop of Henle

66
Q

Where is sodium reabsorbed through active transport?

A

PCT & DCT

67
Q

Where is water reabsorbed?

A

PCT, Descending Loop of Henle, Collecting Duct

68
Q

Where is urea reabsorbed?

A

PCT, Ascending Loop of Henle

69
Q

Where is sodium reabsorbed through passive transport?

A

Ascending Loop of Henle

70
Q

Sample required in urea clearance test

A

2-hour urine sample

71
Q

Reference range of creatinine clearance in males

A

107-139 mL/min

72
Q

Reference range of creatinine clearance in females

A

87-107 mL/min

73
Q

Normal plasma creatinine level

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

74
Q

Most frequently used formula for eGFR

A

Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) – Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrophotometry (IDMS)

75
Q

An obsolete test that compares the volume and specific gravity of the urine sample during day and night to evaluate concentrating ability

A

Mosenthal test

76
Q

An obsolete test wherein the patient is deprived of fluids for 24 hours before the specific gravity of the urine is measured

A

Fishberg test

77
Q

A test for unilateral kidney function

A

Indigo Carmine Test

78
Q

What oral acid load is used for Titratable Acidity and Urinary Ammonia?

A

Ammonium chloride

79
Q

Reference range for Titratable Acidity and Urinary Ammonia

A

70 mEq/day of acid in the form of titratable H or NH4

80
Q

Factor for eGFR if the patient is female

A

0.742

81
Q

Factor for eGFR if the patient is black

A

1.212

82
Q

One of the advantages of this test is that it is independent of muscle mass

A

Cystatin C clearance test

MT6328 (6 decks)

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