2S [LEC]: Renal Diseases Flashcards
In glomerular diseases, circulating ___ molecules are deposited in the glomerular membranes
IgA
An inflammatory process that affects the glomerulus
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is associated with the finding of ___ in the urine
Blood
Protein Casts
Sudden onset of symptoms consistent with damage to the glomerular membrane
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Population commonly affected by the Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Children and young adults
Occurs usually after respiratory infections caused by Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Virulence factor of Streptococcus that causes Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
M protein
In the Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN), the ___ is the one mainly responsible for the glomerular damage
Inflammatory reaction
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is also called ___
Cresenteric glomerulonephritis
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN) has ___ prognosis than Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Better
In the Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), the damage by macrophages to the capillary walls releases cells into the plasma into ___
Bowmans Space
Formation of ___, which contains macrophages, fibroblasts, and polymerized fibrin is a manifestation of Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Crescents
Dysmorphic RBCs are an indication of ___
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Has a similar urine picture with Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) but has a more rapid progression and has a bad prognosis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
Caused by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture syndrome
The Goodpasture syndrome is usually caused by ___ infections that affects the lungs
Viral
In ___, progression to end-stage renal failure is common
Goodpasture syndrome
A condition that manifests with hemoptysis, dyspnea, and hematuria
Goodpasture syndrome
A condition where the patient coughs sputum with the presence of blood
Hemoptysis
Production of granuloma in the small blood vessels
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)/ Wegener’s Granulomatosis
Deposition of these antibodies causes Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) that can initiate the immune response and induce granuloma formation
Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)
ANCA detected with the antibody deposition near the nucleus of the cell with ethanol fixation
Perinuclear pattern (P-ANCA)
ANCA detected through formalin-fixed neutrophils and is deposited at the cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic pattern (Granular)
Population most affected by the Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Children
Condition that usually manifests through respiratory and GI symptoms with sputum and stool with the presence of blood
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane
Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN)
Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is often due to the deposition of what immune complex?
IgG
Increased cellularity in the subendothelial cells of the mesangium causing thickening of the capillary walls
Type 1 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane, tubules, and Bowman Capsule
Type 2 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Both subendothelial and subepithelial deposits are present
Type 3 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) that usually results to nephrotic syndrome
Type 1
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) that is common in children and causes chronic glomerulonephritis, causing end-stage renal disease
Type 2
Worst type of Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
Type 3
When the damage to the glomerulus does not resolve or repeatedly happens
Chronic glomerulonephritis
The indication of chronic glomerulonephritis in the urine is ___
Broad waxy casts
Immune complexes of IgA deposits in the glomerular membrane
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgA)
Most common cause of glomerulonephritis
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgA)
Condition that manifests as massive proteinuria with at least 3+ or 4+ grading
Nephrotic syndrome
Level of albumin in the plasma in nephrotic syndrome (high/ low)
Low
Level of serum lipid in nephrotic syndrome (high/ low)
High
In nephrotic syndrome, the ___ is compromised which results in the passage of high molecular weight particles like albumin and lipids
Shield of negativity
Usual urine findings in nephrotic syndrome
Oval fat bodies
Fatty & waxy casts
Little changes in the glomerulus are seen but there is damage in the podocytes and the shield of negativity
Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
Population most affected by Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
Children
Condition experienced by children after vaccination and allergic reactions to medications
Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
Affects only portion of the glomerulus and is commonly seen in HIV patients, heroin addicts, patients infected with hepatitis viruses
Focal Segmented Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Commonly indicated by deposition of IgM and C3 with heavy proteinuria and microscopic hematuria
Focal Segmented Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
Condition caused by lack of oxygen, which can reduce the blood volume coming into the kidneys
Acute tubular necrosis
Generalized failure of reabsorption in the PCT
Fanconi Syndrome
Condition commonly associated with cystinosis and Hartnup Disease
Fanconi Syndrome
Manifests through glycosuria with normal blood glucose, mild proteinuria, and very low urinary pH
Fanconi Syndrome
Inherited disorder of collagen production affecting the glomerular basement membrane
Alport syndrome
Usually indicated through macroscopic hematuria and hearing and vision abnormalities
Alport syndrome
Alport syndrome symptoms usually appear after ___ in children
Respiratory infections
An inherited disorder caused by an autosomal mutation in the gene that produces uromodulin
Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease
Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease also results in an increase in ___
Serum uric acid
Commonly the most common cause of end-stage renal disease
Diabetic nephropathy
Tubules not responding to anti-diuretic hormone
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Can be a complication of certain diseases such as sickle-cell disease and polycystic kidney disease
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
An inherited lack of production of the receptors for glucose in the tubules thus resulting in faulty reabsorption of glucose in the tubular fluid
Renal Glycosuria
A term used to refer to infection of the upper urinary tract including the tubules and the interstitium
Acute pyelonephritis
Ascending infection of bacteria most of the time from the lower urinary tract
Acute pyelonephritis
Infection may happen due to reflux of urine from the urinary bladder
Acute pyelonephritis
Term used to describe the reflux of urine from the urinary bladder
Vesicoureteral reflux
Inflammation of the renal interstitium followed by the renal tubules
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)
Manifests as oliguria and edema
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)
Ultimately results in the kidneys losing the ability to concentrate the urine
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)
Primarily associated with an allergic reaction to medications
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)
Common urinary findings include WBC casts without bacteria and presence of eosinophils
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)
Constellation of disorders due to unresolved injuries in the kidney occurring for a considerable period of time
Chronic renal failure
Can be small and big calculi, causing UTI and high urine pH
Renal Lithiases
High-energy shock waves to break stones in the upper urinary tract for renal lithiases
Lithotripsy
Components of calculi in renal lithiases are identified using chemical methods or through ___
X-ray crystallography
