S1 [LEC]: Chemical Exam of the Urine Flashcards
Reagent strips are used within __ hour of urine collection
1 hour
Reagent strips are stored at what temperature?
RT, <30C
Normal pH level of first morning urine sample
5.0-6.0
pH range of a urine after a meal
Alkaline (called “alkaline tide”)
T/F: pH level in urine has no normal values assigned
True
pH range of random urine specimen
4.5-8.0
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Emphysema
Acid
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Diabetes mellitus
Acid
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Starvation
Acid
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Dehydration
Acid
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Diarrhea
Acid
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
E. coli
Acid
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
High-protein diet
Acid
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Cranberry juice
Acid
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Hyperventilation
Alkaline
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Vomiting
Alkaline
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Renal tubular acidosis
Alkaline
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Urea-producing bacteria
Alkaline
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Vegetarian diet
Alkaline
Tell whether the urine will be acidic or alkaline:
Old specimens
Alkaline
In pH determination using reagent strips, methyl red produces a color change from red to ___ in what pH range?
Yellow
4-6
In pH determination using reagent strips, bromothymol blue produces a color change from ___ to blue in what pH range?
Yellow
5-9
In pH determination using reagent strips, the color progress as ___ at pH 5
Orange
In pH determination using reagent strips, the color progress as ___ at pH 9
Deep blue
T/F: No substances interfere with urinary pH measurements performed by reagent strips
True
The most indicative of renal disease
Protein
Often associated with early renal disease
Proteinuria
Normal amount of protein in the urine
<10 mg/dL or 100 mg/ 24 hrs
Tamm-Horsfall protein is also known as ___
Uromodulin
Uromodulin is produced in which structure?
Ascending loop of Henle
Clinical proteinuria is indicated at what level?
30 mg/dL or 300 mg/L
T/F: If a patient has a pre-renal proteinuria, it is almost certain that he has a renal disease
False
Protein found in multiple myeloma patient
Bence Jones protein
Classify the proteinuria:
Pregnancy (preeclampsia)
Glomerular (Renal)
Classify the proteinuria:
Development of diabetic nephropathy
Microalbuminuria (Renal)
Classify the proteinuria:
Associated with an increased risk of CVD
Microalbuminuria (Renal)
Classify the proteinuria:
Fanconi syndrome
Tubular (Renal)
Classify the proteinuria:
Intravascular hemolysis
Pre-renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Muscle injury
Pre-renal
Classify the proteinuria:
APRs
Pre-renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Multiple myeloma
Pre-renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Toxic agents/ heavy metals
Tubular
Classify the proteinuria:
Severe viral infections
Tubular
Classify the proteinuria:
Glomerular disorders
Renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Immune complex
Renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Amyloidosis
Renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Strenuous exercise
Renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Hypertension
Renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Lower UTI infection/ inflammation
Post-renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Menstrual contamination
Post-renal
Classify the proteinuria:
Vaginal secretions
Post-renal
In the reagent strip, this analyte is determine through the principle of protein error of indicators
Protein
The color for the negative result in the reagent strip for protein
Yellow
The color for the positive result in the reagent strip for protein
Blue-green
Effects of quaternary ammonium compounds, detergents, and antiseptics in protein reagent strip
False positive
Effect of visibly bloody urine in protein reagent strip
Falsely elevated
Effect of high specific gravity in protein reagent strip
False positive
The most frequent chemical analysis on urine
Glucose
T/F: For glucose determination, fasting before the collection of specimens is recommended
True
___ occurs in the absence of hyperglycemia when the reabsorption of glucose by the renal tubules is compromised
Glycosuria
This analyte utilizes a double sequential enzyme reaction in the reagent strip
Glucose
Effect of ascorbic acid in glucose determination
False negative
The copper reduction test for glucose is also known as ___
Clinitest tablet
Testing for this analyte is most valuable in managing and monitoring insulin-dependent DM
Ketones
Reagent used in ketone determination in a reagent strip
Sodium nitroprusside
Color of reagent strip if it is positive for ketone
Purple
Tablet test for ketones and is used as a confirmatory test for questionable reagent strip results
Acetest tablet
Chemical test for this analyte uses the pseudoperoxidase activity
Blood
Chromogen in blood determination in a reagent strip
Tetramethylbenzidine
The color of the reagent strip pad if it is negative for blood
Yellow
The color of the reagent strip pad if it is positive for blood
Green-blue
Effect of ascorbic acid in blood reagent strip
False negative
This analyte is used for hepatitis and cirrhosis
Bilirubin
Tablet test for bilirubin
Ictotest tablet
The pigment responsible for the characteristic brown color of feces
Urobilin
Urobilinogen uses ___ in which urobilinogen reacts with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Erlich’s reaction
In the reagent strip, urobilinogen color ranges from light to dark ___
Pink
Increased amounts of this analyte can be caused by liver disease and hemolytic disorders
Urobilinogen
The reagent strip test for which analyte provides a rapid screening test for the presence of UTI?
Nitrite
This analyte is valuable for detecting initial bladder infection or cystitis
Nitrite
The nitrite reagent strip uses what reaction?
Greiss reaction
In the nitrite reagent, strip, the positive result will be what color?
Pink
Indicator of specific gravity in the reagent strip
Bromothymol blue
A pH of ___ is associated with improperly preserved urine
8.5
Trace protein values are indicated at what level?
30 mg/dL
Which component of ketone is usually detected by reagent strips?
Acetoacetic acid
Which component of ketone is detected only with the addition of glycine?
Acetone
