S1 Critical Thinking/Decision Making/Problem-Solving Flashcards by Jett De Leon

Being a critical thinker includes how we approach the task of ____ as well as understanding how to make better decisions based on the ____ of possible outcomes.

problem-solving; implications

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Good ____ is integral to problem-solving

decision-making

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Researched information you use will influence your ____ and have an impact on the____ of your patient(s).

credibility; health and safety

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By being accountable and using good-decision making skills, you will use information from only credible or ____ sources.

authoritative

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The SAIT Erhardt Library suggests that the ___ and ___ tests be used to assess the value or credibility of an information source

CRAAP and Gut Tests

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CRAAP Tests stand for:

Currency
Relevance
Authority
Accuracy
Purpose

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CRAAP: the timeliness (publication date, revision history) of the information

currency

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Indicates that a page has not been updated recently

broken links; old publication date

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CRAAP: the importance of the information for your needs

relevance

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To determine relevance, consider your ____ and compare with a variety of sources

audience

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CRAAP: the source (author, publisher, sponsor) of the information

authority

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To confirm authority, check the ___ and the ___ of the author

contact info; credentials

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CRAAP: the reliability (source, evidence, truthfulness) of the information

accuracy

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To determine accuracy, think about the source and look for evidence of ___ or ___

bias; error

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CRAAP: the reason (teach, sell, entertain) the information exists

purpose

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To determine purpose, identify the type of ____ (fact or opinion) and the ____ of the author

information; intent

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Test that uses your immediate first impression after skimming a site’s homepage or reading some selected content

Gut Test

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If a site seems ____, ____, ____, and ____ then it’s probably not a reliable source of research information

biased or advocating agenda
factually wrong or treating opinion as fact
full of spelling/grammar errors
kooky, warped, crazy, sick, depraved, or wrong

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T or F. Biased, opinionated or false info can be included in a research project to effectively highlight dissenting opinions as long as the reliability is identified and placed in context with more balanced sources

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Mandatory action where resources from authoritative information are given proper credit

citing a reference

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4 reasons why it is necessary to provide references and/or citations

shows what you have read
enables the reader to locate the sources referred to in your paper
supports and strengthens your argument
demonstrates academic integrity

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An academic paper is a carefully constructed argument in the sense that you take a position on an issue and support it with ____ gathered from the sources you have read

evidence

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the use of other people’s words, ideas or materials without proper acknowledgement

plagiarism

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Plagiarism can be ___ (deliberate cheating) or ___ (happen accidentally).

intentional; unintentional

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Any act where the honesty, reliability or integrity of a work has been compromised and can incur serious penalties by universities.

academic misconduct

Citation format widely accepted and is the preferred citation style for this course

American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition

General term; a phrase or notation used to direct the reader to another part of the text or to another resource

reference

More specific term; written reference to a work clearly and uniquely identifying its title, author(s), publication date, etc. Can also be called a bibliographic reference

citation

Connects info you're borrowing from a source to a citation in your bibliography

in-text citation

2 uses for in-text citation

when 1. using a quote word for word from a source 2. borrow an idea from someone else

Recognized expert on a subject

authority

3 examples of authoritative information

1. academic books 2. scholarly journal articles 3. reports from government departments and reputable organisations

3 ways to choose the most appropriate books

1. enquiry guides 2. university library 3. recently published books as they will be based on up-to-date research

Searching for ___ is a good way to begin an assignment

definitions

Authoritative information written by subject experts, published in scholarly journals, and are required to meet certain criteria in order to be published

scholarly journal articles

Some scholarly journal articles undergo extra checking by experts, in other words, _____

peer-reviewed

4 elements of scholarly journal articles

1. the latest research 2. abstract 3. references to other experts in a reference list and within the text 4. volume and issue number

Authoritative info in reports are generally found on ____

the internet

Government departments url

.gov

Professional associations url

.asn

Educational institutions url

.edu

NGO organisations

.org

Are lecture notes an appropriate source to use for an assignment

Problem solving is the process of gathering _____

facts and opinions

Decision making is the _____

action

Problem solving is the _____ for alternatives; decision making is the ______ of an alternative

search; selection

T or F. Problem solving is a component of decision making

5 different ways to solve problems and make decisions

1. rational decision making 2. brainstorming 3. delphi decision-making 4. nominal group technique 5. consensus

Once a decision is made on how to tackle a problem, we must be ____ and _____ for the outcome

accountable; responsible

At the heart of effective problem-solving are the principles of good _____

decision-making

5 skills to enable problem solving

1. communication 2. non-judgmental 3. responsibility 4. tact 5. flexibility

The ability to listen to others’ points of concern, to negotiate well with others and to be able to gather facts from both written data and verbal discussion is important. If people do not share the same opinion then being able to openly discuss alternatives without conflict is important.

communication

The ability to honestly review possible solutions rather than dismissing them as “unconventional” based on culture, position/status, knowledge or self-interest is critical.

non-judgmental

The ability to take responsibility for an outcome, to be accountable are important skills especially when decisions are made without external input or made in the “best interest” of the patient when the patient was unable to contribute to the final decision

responsibility

The ability to demonstrate a “cool” head when discussing issues, concerns or problems. Being able to demonstrate diplomacy and a positive attitude rather than laying blame and bringing up past failures as an escape or source of persuasion.

tact

Being able to consider alternatives to problems and seeing value and merit in trying something “new” as opposed to “if it worked before why change it?” attitude. Allowing for other peoples’ perspectives and fresh alternatives when seeking consensus is a good way to be flexible and encourage trust in others.

flexibility

One process that is commonly used for decision-making

rational decision-making process

5 `steps in the rational-decision making process

1. Define the situation/problem 2. Analyze problem 3. Determine the goals 4. Generate multiple solutions 5. Choose the best option

The value of using a _____ to determine a possible solution is that we do not allow our pre-determined judgment or cultural bias or past experiences to dictate to us what a possible solution might be

process

Using a process to determine possible solutions also eliminates the ____ aspect of a solution by rationally working through the problem-solving process.

emotional

Barriers to effective decision making

time, number of people involved, resistance to change, habits, individual insecurity, past history, fear of success, fear of failure, jumping to conclusions, perceptions

Barrier to decision making; it takes energy to think through problems and sometimes we want to take the easier road rather than try to figure a better way of dealing with an existing problem or issue.

mental laziness

3 critical thinking competencies

1. ability to troubleshoot 2. creativity 3. optimistic outlook based on possibilities rather than obstacles

5 basic principles of decision making

1. respect 2. mutual regard 3. adherence to fundamental rights 4. liberties 5. fairness

Number of factors that dictate acceptable and unacceptable behaviours; these are explained in detail within the _____ that are professional association directives or guidelines for each healthcare profession to follow and adhere to.

professional codes of conduct

A process which allows patients to participate in making decisions about their health in conjunction with their healthcare providers.

shared decision making

A rational decision model presupposes that there is one ____

best outcome

Way to help guarantee that good decision-making and problem solving skills are being used in the clinical setting; can be a measurement of the level of decision-making and problem solving

Quality assurance (QA)

Quality assurance can be defined as all activities that contribute to ___ of healthcare.

defining, designing, assessing, monitoring, and improving the quality

QA activities can be performed as part of the ____ of facilities, supervision of health workers, etc

accreditation

Quality assurance is a method of measuring quality healthcare as determined by the achievement of the best possible ____ given the ____ available

outcomes; resources

The measurement of quality involves determining the ____ to which clinical standards are met.

degree

____ plays a strong role in quality assurance.

Decision-making

Poor decision-making skills can lead to a decline in quality, which in turn can lead to a loss of ____ and a generally poorer patient experience.

accreditation

4 areas of focus which are addressed through quality assurance programs in healthcare

1. clients 2. systems and processes 3. measurement 4. teamwork

QA area of focus: Providers must understand the service delivery system and its key service processes in order to improve them

systems and processes

QA area of focus: Data are needed to analyze processes, identify problems, and measure performance.

measurement

The formal procedure through which hospitals ensure quality standards is an ‘accreditation’ process by an ____. I

independent body

In Canada, the organization which is responsible for the accreditation process.

Accreditation Canada

The accreditation process works on a ___ cycle of a hospital collecting the required information, the completion of the self-assessment and the preparation for the survey conducted by Accreditation Canada.

three year