S1 Critical Thinking/Decision Making/Problem-Solving Flashcards
Being a critical thinker includes how we approach the task of ____ as well as understanding how to make better decisions based on the ____ of possible outcomes.
problem-solving; implications
Good ____ is integral to problem-solving
decision-making
Researched information you use will influence your ____ and have an impact on the____ of your patient(s).
credibility; health and safety
By being accountable and using good-decision making skills, you will use information from only credible or ____ sources.
authoritative
The SAIT Erhardt Library suggests that the ___ and ___ tests be used to assess the value or credibility of an information source
CRAAP and Gut Tests
CRAAP Tests stand for:
Currency Relevance Authority Accuracy Purpose
CRAAP: the timeliness (publication date, revision history) of the information
currency
Indicates that a page has not been updated recently
broken links; old publication date
CRAAP: the importance of the information for your needs
relevance
To determine relevance, consider your ____ and compare with a variety of sources
audience
CRAAP: the source (author, publisher, sponsor) of the information
authority
To confirm authority, check the ___ and the ___ of the author
contact info; credentials
CRAAP: the reliability (source, evidence, truthfulness) of the information
accuracy
To determine accuracy, think about the source and look for evidence of ___ or ___
bias; error
CRAAP: the reason (teach, sell, entertain) the information exists
purpose
To determine purpose, identify the type of ____ (fact or opinion) and the ____ of the author
information; intent
Test that uses your immediate first impression after skimming a site’s homepage or reading some selected content
Gut Test
If a site seems ____, ____, ____, and ____ then it’s probably not a reliable source of research information
- biased or advocating agenda
- factually wrong or treating opinion as fact
- full of spelling/grammar errors
- kooky, warped, crazy, sick, depraved, or wrong
T or F. Biased, opinionated or false info can be included in a research project to effectively highlight dissenting opinions as long as the reliability is identified and placed in context with more balanced sources
T
Mandatory action where resources from authoritative information are given proper credit
citing a reference
4 reasons why it is necessary to provide references and/or citations
- shows what you have read
- enables the reader to locate the sources referred to in your paper
- supports and strengthens your argument
- demonstrates academic integrity
An academic paper is a carefully constructed argument in the sense that you take a position on an issue and support it with ____ gathered from the sources you have read
evidence
the use of other people’s words, ideas or materials without proper acknowledgement
plagiarism
Plagiarism can be ___ (deliberate cheating) or ___ (happen accidentally).
intentional; unintentional
Any act where the honesty, reliability or integrity of a work has been compromised and can incur serious penalties by universities.
academic misconduct
Citation format widely accepted and is the preferred citation style for this course
American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition
General term; a phrase or notation used to direct the reader to another part of the text or to another resource
reference
More specific term; written reference to a work clearly and uniquely identifying its title, author(s), publication date, etc. Can also be called a bibliographic reference
citation
Connects info you’re borrowing from a source to a citation in your bibliography
in-text citation
2 uses for in-text citation
when
- using a quote word for word from a source
- borrow an idea from someone else
Recognized expert on a subject
authority
3 examples of authoritative information
- academic books
- scholarly journal articles
- reports from government departments and reputable organisations
3 ways to choose the most appropriate books
- enquiry guides
- university library
- recently published books as they will be based on up-to-date research
Searching for ___ is a good way to begin an assignment
definitions
Authoritative information written by subject experts, published in scholarly journals, and are required to meet certain criteria in order to be published
scholarly journal articles
Some scholarly journal articles undergo extra checking by experts, in other words, _____
peer-reviewed
4 elements of scholarly journal articles
- the latest research
- abstract
- references to other experts in a reference list and within the text
- volume and issue number
Authoritative info in reports are generally found on ____
the internet
Government departments url
.gov
Professional associations url
.asn
Educational institutions url
.edu
NGO organisations
.org
Are lecture notes an appropriate source to use for an assignment
no
Problem solving is the process of gathering _____
facts and opinions
Decision making is the _____
action
Problem solving is the _____ for alternatives; decision making is the ______ of an alternative
search; selection
T or F. Problem solving is a component of decision making
T
5 different ways to solve problems and make decisions
- rational decision making
- brainstorming
- delphi decision-making
- nominal group technique
- consensus
Once a decision is made on how to tackle a problem, we must be ____ and _____ for the outcome
accountable; responsible
At the heart of effective problem-solving are the principles of good _____
decision-making
5 skills to enable problem solving
- communication
- non-judgmental
- responsibility
- tact
- flexibility
The ability to listen to others’ points of concern, to negotiate well with others and to be able to gather facts from both written data and verbal discussion is important. If people do not share the same opinion then being able to openly discuss alternatives without conflict is important.
communication
The ability to honestly review possible solutions rather than dismissing them as “unconventional” based on culture, position/status, knowledge or self-interest is critical.
non-judgmental
The ability to take responsibility for an outcome, to be accountable are important skills especially when decisions are made without external input or made in the “best interest” of the patient when the patient was unable to contribute to the final decision
responsibility
The ability to demonstrate a “cool” head when discussing issues, concerns or problems. Being able to demonstrate diplomacy and a positive attitude rather than laying blame and bringing up past failures as an escape or source of persuasion.
tact
Being able to consider alternatives to problems and seeing value and merit in trying something “new” as opposed to “if it worked before why change it?” attitude. Allowing for other peoples’ perspectives and fresh alternatives when seeking consensus is a good way to be flexible and encourage trust in others.
flexibility
One process that is commonly used for decision-making
rational decision-making process
5 `steps in the rational-decision making process
- Define the situation/problem
- Analyze problem
- Determine the goals
- Generate multiple solutions
- Choose the best option
The value of using a _____ to determine a possible solution is that we do not allow our pre-determined judgment or cultural bias or past experiences to dictate to us what a possible solution might be
process
Using a process to determine possible solutions also eliminates the ____ aspect of a solution by rationally working through the problem-solving process.
emotional
Barriers to effective decision making
time, number of people involved, resistance to change, habits, individual insecurity, past history, fear of success, fear of failure, jumping to conclusions, perceptions
Barrier to decision making; it takes energy to think through problems and sometimes we want to take the easier road rather than try to figure a better way of dealing with an existing problem or issue.
mental laziness
3 critical thinking competencies
- ability to troubleshoot
- creativity
- optimistic outlook based on possibilities rather than obstacles
5 basic principles of decision making
- respect
- mutual regard
- adherence to fundamental rights
- liberties
- fairness
Number of factors that dictate acceptable and unacceptable behaviours; these are explained in detail within the _____ that are professional association directives or guidelines for each healthcare profession to follow and adhere to.
professional codes of conduct
A process which allows patients to participate in making decisions about their health in conjunction with their healthcare providers.
shared decision making
A rational decision model presupposes that there is one ____
best outcome
Way to help guarantee that good decision-making and problem solving skills are being used in the clinical setting; can be a measurement of the level of decision-making and problem solving
Quality assurance (QA)
Quality assurance can be defined as all activities that contribute to ___ of healthcare.
defining, designing, assessing, monitoring, and improving the quality
QA activities can be performed as part of the ____ of facilities, supervision of health workers, etc
accreditation
Quality assurance is a method of measuring quality healthcare as determined by the achievement of the best possible ____ given the ____ available
outcomes; resources
The measurement of quality involves determining the ____ to which clinical standards are met.
degree
____ plays a strong role in quality assurance.
Decision-making
Poor decision-making skills can lead to a decline in quality, which in turn can lead to a loss of ____ and a generally poorer patient experience.
accreditation
4 areas of focus which are addressed through quality assurance programs in healthcare
- clients
- systems and processes
- measurement
- teamwork
QA area of focus: Providers must understand the service delivery system and its key service processes in order to improve them
systems and processes
QA area of focus: Data are needed to analyze processes, identify problems, and measure performance.
measurement
The formal procedure through which hospitals ensure quality standards is an ‘accreditation’ process by an ____. I
independent body
In Canada, the organization which is responsible for the accreditation process.
Accreditation Canada
The accreditation process works on a ___ cycle of a hospital collecting the required information, the completion of the self-assessment and the preparation for the survey conducted by Accreditation Canada.
three year