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7. PROF > S1 Critical Thinking/Decision Making/Problem-Solving > Flashcards

S1 Critical Thinking/Decision Making/Problem-Solving Flashcards

1
Q

Being a critical thinker includes how we approach the task of ____ as well as understanding how to make better decisions based on the ____ of possible outcomes.

A

problem-solving; implications

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2
Q

Good ____ is integral to problem-solving

A

decision-making

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3
Q

Researched information you use will influence your ____ and have an impact on the____ of your patient(s).

A

credibility; health and safety

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4
Q

By being accountable and using good-decision making skills, you will use information from only credible or ____ sources.

A

authoritative

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5
Q

The SAIT Erhardt Library suggests that the ___ and ___ tests be used to assess the value or credibility of an information source

A

CRAAP and Gut Tests

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6
Q

CRAAP Tests stand for:

A 
Currency
Relevance
Authority
Accuracy
Purpose
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7
Q

CRAAP: the timeliness (publication date, revision history) of the information

A

currency

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8
Q

Indicates that a page has not been updated recently

A

broken links; old publication date

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9
Q

CRAAP: the importance of the information for your needs

A

relevance

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10
Q

To determine relevance, consider your ____ and compare with a variety of sources

A

audience

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11
Q

CRAAP: the source (author, publisher, sponsor) of the information

A

authority

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12
Q

To confirm authority, check the ___ and the ___ of the author

A

contact info; credentials

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13
Q

CRAAP: the reliability (source, evidence, truthfulness) of the information

A

accuracy

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14
Q

To determine accuracy, think about the source and look for evidence of ___ or ___

A

bias; error

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15
Q

CRAAP: the reason (teach, sell, entertain) the information exists

A

purpose

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16
Q

To determine purpose, identify the type of ____ (fact or opinion) and the ____ of the author

A

information; intent

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17
Q

Test that uses your immediate first impression after skimming a site’s homepage or reading some selected content

A

Gut Test

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18
Q

If a site seems ____, ____, ____, and ____ then it’s probably not a reliable source of research information

A
  1. biased or advocating agenda
  2. factually wrong or treating opinion as fact
  3. full of spelling/grammar errors
  4. kooky, warped, crazy, sick, depraved, or wrong
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19
Q

T or F. Biased, opinionated or false info can be included in a research project to effectively highlight dissenting opinions as long as the reliability is identified and placed in context with more balanced sources

A

T

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20
Q

Mandatory action where resources from authoritative information are given proper credit

A

citing a reference

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21
Q

4 reasons why it is necessary to provide references and/or citations

A
  1. shows what you have read
  2. enables the reader to locate the sources referred to in your paper
  3. supports and strengthens your argument
  4. demonstrates academic integrity
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22
Q

An academic paper is a carefully constructed argument in the sense that you take a position on an issue and support it with ____ gathered from the sources you have read

A

evidence

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23
Q

the use of other people’s words, ideas or materials without proper acknowledgement

A

plagiarism

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24
Q

Plagiarism can be ___ (deliberate cheating) or ___ (happen accidentally).

A

intentional; unintentional

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25
Q

Any act where the honesty, reliability or integrity of a work has been compromised and can incur serious penalties by universities.

A

academic misconduct

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26
Q

Citation format widely accepted and is the preferred citation style for this course

A

American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition

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27
Q

General term; a phrase or notation used to direct the reader to another part of the text or to another resource

A

reference

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28
Q

More specific term; written reference to a work clearly and uniquely identifying its title, author(s), publication date, etc. Can also be called a bibliographic reference

A

citation

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29
Q

Connects info you’re borrowing from a source to a citation in your bibliography

A

in-text citation

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30
Q

2 uses for in-text citation

A

when

  1. using a quote word for word from a source
  2. borrow an idea from someone else
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31
Q

Recognized expert on a subject

A

authority

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32
Q

3 examples of authoritative information

A
  1. academic books
  2. scholarly journal articles
  3. reports from government departments and reputable organisations
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33
Q

3 ways to choose the most appropriate books

A
  1. enquiry guides
  2. university library
  3. recently published books as they will be based on up-to-date research
34
Q

Searching for ___ is a good way to begin an assignment

A

definitions

35
Q

Authoritative information written by subject experts, published in scholarly journals, and are required to meet certain criteria in order to be published

A

scholarly journal articles

36
Q

Some scholarly journal articles undergo extra checking by experts, in other words, _____

A

peer-reviewed

37
Q

4 elements of scholarly journal articles

A
  1. the latest research
  2. abstract
  3. references to other experts in a reference list and within the text
  4. volume and issue number
38
Q

Authoritative info in reports are generally found on ____

A

the internet

39
Q

Government departments url

A

.gov

40
Q

Professional associations url

A

.asn

41
Q

Educational institutions url

A

.edu

42
Q

NGO organisations

A

.org

43
Q

Are lecture notes an appropriate source to use for an assignment

A

no

44
Q

Problem solving is the process of gathering _____

A

facts and opinions

45
Q

Decision making is the _____

A

action

46
Q

Problem solving is the _____ for alternatives; decision making is the ______ of an alternative

A

search; selection

47
Q

T or F. Problem solving is a component of decision making

A

T

48
Q

5 different ways to solve problems and make decisions

A
  1. rational decision making
  2. brainstorming
  3. delphi decision-making
  4. nominal group technique
  5. consensus
49
Q

Once a decision is made on how to tackle a problem, we must be ____ and _____ for the outcome

A

accountable; responsible

50
Q

At the heart of effective problem-solving are the principles of good _____

A

decision-making

51
Q

5 skills to enable problem solving

A
  1. communication
  2. non-judgmental
  3. responsibility
  4. tact
  5. flexibility
52
Q

The ability to listen to others’ points of concern, to negotiate well with others and to be able to gather facts from both written data and verbal discussion is important. If people do not share the same opinion then being able to openly discuss alternatives without conflict is important.

A

communication

53
Q

The ability to honestly review possible solutions rather than dismissing them as “unconventional” based on culture, position/status, knowledge or self-interest is critical.

A

non-judgmental

54
Q

The ability to take responsibility for an outcome, to be accountable are important skills especially when decisions are made without external input or made in the “best interest” of the patient when the patient was unable to contribute to the final decision

A

responsibility

55
Q

The ability to demonstrate a “cool” head when discussing issues, concerns or problems. Being able to demonstrate diplomacy and a positive attitude rather than laying blame and bringing up past failures as an escape or source of persuasion.

A

tact

56
Q

Being able to consider alternatives to problems and seeing value and merit in trying something “new” as opposed to “if it worked before why change it?” attitude. Allowing for other peoples’ perspectives and fresh alternatives when seeking consensus is a good way to be flexible and encourage trust in others.

A

flexibility

57
Q

One process that is commonly used for decision-making

A

rational decision-making process

58
Q

5 `steps in the rational-decision making process

A
  1. Define the situation/problem
  2. Analyze problem
  3. Determine the goals
  4. Generate multiple solutions
  5. Choose the best option
59
Q

The value of using a _____ to determine a possible solution is that we do not allow our pre-determined judgment or cultural bias or past experiences to dictate to us what a possible solution might be

A

process

60
Q

Using a process to determine possible solutions also eliminates the ____ aspect of a solution by rationally working through the problem-solving process.

A

emotional

61
Q

Barriers to effective decision making

A

time, number of people involved, resistance to change, habits, individual insecurity, past history, fear of success, fear of failure, jumping to conclusions, perceptions

62
Q

Barrier to decision making; it takes energy to think through problems and sometimes we want to take the easier road rather than try to figure a better way of dealing with an existing problem or issue.

A

mental laziness

63
Q

3 critical thinking competencies

A
  1. ability to troubleshoot
  2. creativity
  3. optimistic outlook based on possibilities rather than obstacles
64
Q

5 basic principles of decision making

A
  1. respect
  2. mutual regard
  3. adherence to fundamental rights
  4. liberties
  5. fairness
65
Q

Number of factors that dictate acceptable and unacceptable behaviours; these are explained in detail within the _____ that are professional association directives or guidelines for each healthcare profession to follow and adhere to.

A

professional codes of conduct

66
Q

A process which allows patients to participate in making decisions about their health in conjunction with their healthcare providers.

A

shared decision making

67
Q

A rational decision model presupposes that there is one ____

A

best outcome

68
Q

Way to help guarantee that good decision-making and problem solving skills are being used in the clinical setting; can be a measurement of the level of decision-making and problem solving

A

Quality assurance (QA)

69
Q

Quality assurance can be defined as all activities that contribute to ___ of healthcare.

A

defining, designing, assessing, monitoring, and improving the quality

70
Q

QA activities can be performed as part of the ____ of facilities, supervision of health workers, etc

A

accreditation

71
Q

Quality assurance is a method of measuring quality healthcare as determined by the achievement of the best possible ____ given the ____ available

A

outcomes; resources

72
Q

The measurement of quality involves determining the ____ to which clinical standards are met.

A

degree

73
Q

____ plays a strong role in quality assurance.

A

Decision-making

74
Q

Poor decision-making skills can lead to a decline in quality, which in turn can lead to a loss of ____ and a generally poorer patient experience.

A

accreditation

75
Q

4 areas of focus which are addressed through quality assurance programs in healthcare

A
  1. clients
  2. systems and processes
  3. measurement
  4. teamwork
76
Q

QA area of focus: Providers must understand the service delivery system and its key service processes in order to improve them

A

systems and processes

77
Q

QA area of focus: Data are needed to analyze processes, identify problems, and measure performance.

A

measurement

78
Q

The formal procedure through which hospitals ensure quality standards is an ‘accreditation’ process by an ____. I

A

independent body

79
Q

In Canada, the organization which is responsible for the accreditation process.

A

Accreditation Canada

80
Q

The accreditation process works on a ___ cycle of a hospital collecting the required information, the completion of the self-assessment and the preparation for the survey conducted by Accreditation Canada.

A

three year

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