Ryan's missed dv Qs Flashcards
Depth perception in infants develops in which of the following sequences? Select one: A. kinetic, pictorial, binocular B. pictorial, binocular, kinetic C. kinetic, binocular, pictorial D. binocular, kinetic, pictorial
Correct Answer is: C
Research has indicated that infants develop depth perception in a predictable sequence: kinetic, binocular, and pictorial. Kinetic depth cues are based on movements of objects in the environment or the body. Babies as young as 3 weeks begin perceiving kinetic cues. For example, they will blink their eyes defensively when an object approaches their face and looks as if its going to hit them. Binocular depth perception begins between 2 and 3 months. And pictorial depth cues, which are used by artists to make paintings look three-dimensional, begins to develop at about 7 months of age.
To reduce a child’s aggressive behavior, the best approach is to:
Select one:
A. punish the aggression consistently and harshly.
B. use differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. Incorrect
C. identify the consequences of the behavior and alternatives to it.
D. have the child vent his or her aggressive feelings by hitting a pillow.
Correct Answer is: C
There are a variety of approaches to the treatment of aggression in children; the cognitive-behavioral approach is probably most common. In children who are older or developmentally advanced enough to understand, cognitive approaches tend to focus on helping the person accurately interpret external cues, so that he or she does not respond inappropriately with aggression. In younger children, the goal is often to identify the child’s goals, the negative consequences of using aggression to meet those goals, and alternatives to aggression.
The other choices are not as likely to be helpful: consistent discipline is good, but contrary to this choice (“punish the aggression consistently and harshly”), overly harsh discipline can serve to increase the child’s aggression. Reinforcement for alternative behaviors is not a proven method of directly addressing aggression. And the notion that aggression is something that can be released through venting it on a safe target (or, by the way, watching it on TV) has not been supported – apparently, engaging in aggressive behavior only leads to more of the same.
In assessing perceptual abilities in a 3 or 4-month old infant you could use all of the following indicators except: Select one: A. head turning B. sucking C. reaching D. heart rate
Feedback
Correct Answer is: A
Head turning does not become an appropriate measure of perception in infants until 5 ½ months of age.
Sucking* is often used as a measure of perceptual abilities for infants aged 1 to 4 months. Reaching* is used at 12 weeks or older, and heart rate* can be a useful measure at any age (* incorrect options).
Freud’s/ Erikson’s/ Piaget’s ages and stages (ages most important):
During the sensorimotor stage (0-2)/ Oral Stage (0-1)/ Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1)
Anal Stage (1-3)/ Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3)
The preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)/ Phallic Stage (3-6)/ Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-puberty)/ Latency Stage (6-puberty)/ Concrete operational stage (7-12)
The formal operational stage (12+)/ Genital Stage (12+)/ Identity vs. Identity Confusion (adolescence)…the rest of EE are adult and older adulthood
In divorced families, when a mother who is the custodial parent remarries, the amount of time the noncustodial father spends with his children
Select one:
A. tends to increase over time.
B. tends to decrease over time.
C. is correlated with the quality of the father-child relationship prior to the divorce.
D. tends to increase over time when the children are teenagers.
Correct Answer is: B
Research has shown that when a mother who is the custodial parent of children remarries, the children’s contact with the noncustodial parent typically decreases gradually for two years following the divorce. This tendency is less pronounced with noncustodial mothers, who are almost twice as likely to maintain frequent contact with their children than noncustodial fathers. Contrary to this choice (“is correlated with the quality of the father-child relationship prior to the divorce”), the quality of the father-child relationship prior to the divorce is not predictive of the frequency of contact between noncustodial father and children afterward. Of course, these findings don’t hold true in all cases, and variables that are correlated with frequency of noncustodial parental contact include geographical proximity, whether or not the noncustodial parent remarries, and obstacles to visitation implemented by the custodial parent.
The effects of parental discipline on the development of conscience in toddlers is mediated by the toddlers' level of: Select one: A. fearfulness B. intelligence C. activity level D. pain threshold
Correct Answer is: A
Research by Kochanska (1997) has indicated that toddlers’ level of fearfulness mediates the effects of parental discipline. Specifically, the use of “gentle discipline” was found more effective for the development of conscience among fearful toddlers than among fearless toddlers. Fearless toddlers, on the other hand, developed conscience better through the use of a secure mother-child attachment. It should be noted that these results were primarily found during the toddler years and were not significant or were less significant when reassessed during preschool years
Which of the following is NOT one of Baumgartner's incorporation phases of an HIV/AIDS diagnosis into identity? Select one: A. post-immersion turning point B. post-diagnosis turning point C. disclosure D. stabilization
Feedback
Correct Answer is: D
Informed by narrative and transformational learning approaches to identity development, Lisa Baumgartner’s study (2001) on the incorporation of an HIV/AIDS diagnosis into one’s identity identified a six-phase process including: diagnosis, post-diagnosis turning point, immersion, post-immersion turning point, integration and disclosure. The diagnosis phase involved the common reactions of shock, fear, denial, and relief. Post-diagnosis turning point was associated with social interaction or a “catalyst experience.” In the immersion phase, people became immersed in the HIV/AIDS community; the HIV/AIDS identity was central and they educated others. Whereas the post-immersion turning point phase caused a revaluation of priorities. The integration phase was associated with decentralizing (internal experience of the HIV/AIDS identity) and balancing, such as engaging in activities unrelated to HIV/AIDS. Disclosure was woven throughout the process however initially individuals only told significant others, then made public disclosures, and finally made situational disclosures on a need-to-know basis.
Delayed recall of specific events is usually first evident when children are \_\_\_\_\_ months of age. Select one: A. 10 B. 13 C. 16 D. 19
Correct Answer is: B
Until recently, it was believed that infants do not recall events that occur during their daily lives. This belief has been challenged by research showing that children as young as 11 months have accurate immediate recall for specific events and that, by 13 months, children have accurate delayed recall.
During the third week of prenatal development, which of the following is most vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen? Select one: A. eyes B. arms and legs C. heart D. central nervous system
Correct Answer is: D
This is a difficult question because two of the organ systems listed in the answers – the CNS and the heart – are vulnerable to teratogens during the third week of prenatal development. However, the CNS is vulnerable from the beginning of the third week, while the heart becomes vulnerable in the middle of the third week, so the CNS is the best answer.
Kohlberg’s conventional morality in an adolescent is best exemplified by which of the following statements?
Select one:
A. A teenager volunteers at a shelter on weekends because he believes everyone has a responsibility to help the less fortunate or others in need.
B. A teenager volunteers at a shelter on weekends because he believes his teachers would approve of his behavior.
C. A teenager refuses to join his friends at a party where alcohol is being served because he disapproves of activities that could result in harm to others.
D. A teenager refuses to join his friends at a party where alcohol is being served because he fears being punished by his parents for consuming alcohol.
Correct Answer is: B
Conventional moral judgment (stage 3) is best exemplified by the boy’s volunteering being motivated by approval of others.
A teenager volunteers at a shelter on weekends because he believes everyone has a responsibility to help the less fortunate or others in need.
In this response, the boy’s judgment is motivated by the morality of social contract (stage 5). Stage 5 begins the post-conventional level of moral development. A person in this stage seeks to uphold democratically-determined laws but recognizes that laws can be ignored or changed for a valid reason.
A teenager refuses to join his friends at a party where alcohol is being served because he disapproves of activities that could result in harm to others.
In this response, the boy is risking the disapproval of his friends by consideration of his higher principles which is characteristic of Stage 6 in which morality transcends legal standards.
A teenager refuses to join his friends at a party where alcohol is being served because he fears being punished by his parents for consuming alcohol.
In this response, the boy acts out of fear of punishment which is characteristic of stage 1.
According to research on parenting styles, which of the following describes the parents who are most likely to raise very aggressive children?
Select one:
A. attentive parents who are very controlling of their children’s behavior
B. parents who use frequent and intermittent violence and are very controlling of their children’s behavior
C. loving parents with a laissez-faire attitude toward their children’s behavior
D. parents who use frequent and intermittent violence and have a laissez-faire attitude toward their children’s behavior
Correct Answer is: D
Researchers in the 1950s identified two dimensions of parenting styles: permissiveness and affection. Permissiveness is a continuum that ranges from autonomy on one extreme to control at the other; affection is a continuum that ranges from hostility to love. Parents who combine hostility with autonomy (e.g., those who combine violent discipline with a laissez-faire attitude toward their children) are likely to produce disobedient and aggressive children.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child who can imagine that clay broken up into many pieces can be reassembled into the original clay ball is displaying Select one: A. conservation. B. reversibility. C. multiple classification. D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
Correct Answer is: B
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development identifies four developmental stages, roughly correlated with specific age ranges. As children progress through these stages, their methods of assimilating new information, accommodating existing cognitive structures to new information, and mentally representing information in general become more sophisticated. The third stage, concrete operational, develops around the ages of 7-11. During this phase, children develop the ability to employ a number of logical operations they use to solve concrete (as opposed to abstract) problems. One of these operations, called reversibility, involves the ability to imagine that objects can be changed and then restored to their original state. The child described by the question is using reversibility.
Regarding the other choices, conservation is the ability to understand that quantity or fundamental properties of an object are not necessarily related to the object’s appearance. A child displaying conservation of liquid would know, for example, that the quantity of water does not decrease when it is poured from a tall thin glass to a short wide glass. Reversibility is a sign that conservation abilities are present but reversibility is a better answer for this question because it more specifically applies to this child. Multiple classification, another characteristic of concrete operational thought, is the ability to classify objects into more than one applicable category. And hypothetico-deductive reasoning involves the ability to generate multiple theories for a phenomenon and choose one theory over others based on reasoning and evidence. Hypothetico-deductive reasoning is a sign of formal operational thought, the final stage of Piaget’s theory.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ theory of genetic epistemology is based on the premise that individuals build cognitive structures in active and adaptive ways. Select one: A. Dewey's B. Vygotsky's C. Gagne's D. Piaget's
Correct Answer is: D
Piaget’s developmental theory, also referred to as the theory of genetic epistemology, proposes individuals build cognitive structures in active and adaptive ways, such as through assimilation and accommodation.
Dewey’s theory proposes that learning is the result of our experiences and attempts to make sense of those experiences and emphasizes the experiential aspects of learning. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, also known as the theory of socially mediated learning, states learning is first socially mediated, then self-mediated or individual. Gagne’s approach is sometimes categorized as an information processing approach and focuses on instruction, learning outcomes (cognitive, affective, or psychomotor) and the conditions that facilitate each type of outcome.
The ability to understand that changing an object's appearance doesn't change the object's physical qualities typically develops during years: Select one: A. 0 to 2 B. 2 to 6 C. 7 to 10 D. 11 to 13
Correct Answer is: C
Conservation is the ability to understand that changing an object’s appearance doesn’t change the object’s physical qualities. For example, water poured from a tall thin glass into a short wide glass will be conserved, or understood to be the same amount of water. Conservation develops during the concrete operations stage (7 to 12 years). Note that there may be slight variations between age ranges that you have studied and the age ranges presented in test questions. In this case, the most correct choice is 7 to 10 years, which falls within the 7 to 12 year range. This choice, 11 to 13 years, overlaps between the high end of concrete operations and the low end of formal operations (12 onward) - which is not as good a choice for the typical development of concrete operations.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the phenomenon in which different circumstances and opportunities lead to similar outcomes. Select one: A. Multifinality B. Equifinality C. Homeostasis D. Entropy
Correct Answer is: B
Equifinality is a systems theory concept that holds a final state or given outcome may be reached from different initial conditions and in different ways. Multifinality* refers to the phenomenon in which similar initial conditions may lead to different outcomes. Homeostasis* is the tendency to maintain balance in the system. Entropy* is a tendency for the systems’ outputs to decline when the inputs have remained the same (* incorrect options). In other words, as long as energy is moving in the cycle, the system is alive, however once more energy is expended than is being inputted, the system results in entropy, or begins to die.
