Marisa's Missed Clinical ?'s

Question 1

Question ID #6587: A student seeks counseling at the university counseling center due to feelings of failure as a student. When asked about his grades, he states that his grade point average is 3.9 but thinks that he should be doing better. He is most likely using which of the following cognitive distortions?
Select one:
A. arbitrary inference
B. overgeneralization
C. personalization 
D. dichotomous thinking

Answer 1

Correct Answer is: A
Arbitrary inference occurs when one draws a specific conclusion without supporting evidence, or even in the face of contradictory evidence. This best applies to the student in this question. Despite having a nearly perfect GPA, the student believes he’s a failure and should be doing better. Overgeneralization is the application of a general rule based on a few isolated incidents. Personalization is attributing external events to oneself without evidence of a causal connection. And dichotomous thinking is categorizing experiences into one of two extremes

Question 2

Question ID #6576: Although conclusions will vary across different studies, which of the following statements is most supported by the overall body of research on therapy outcome for African-American and Caucasian patients?
Select one:
A. There is no significant difference in outcome between African-American and Caucasian patients.
B. African-American patients have better outcomes overall than Caucasian patients.
C. Caucasian patients have better outcomes overall than African-American patients.
D. Treatment outcomes for African-American patients are better but only when the therapist is also African-American.

Answer 2

Correct Answer is: A
Questions like these are difficult to answer, because research in this area is contradictory, and the issue is not resolved. Research has clearly identified a number of variables that potentially interact with race in influencing therapy outcome. For instance, African-American patients tend to have poorer outcomes when working with therapists who are insensitive to or unknowledgeable about racial or cultural issues. There are also studies that show that African-Americans are more likely to terminate therapy prematurely than Caucasians, and even a few studies which show they are likely to have poorer outcomes. However, the bulk of the literature and thinking on this issue supports the notion that race, in and of itself, is not a good predictor of therapy outcome.

Question 3

Question ID #6494: Hypnosis involves three factors
Select one:
A. Absorption, regression, dissociation
B. Dissociation, absorption, suggestibility
C. Suggestibility, dissociation, regression
D. Regression, distortion, suggestibility

Answer 3

Correct Answer is: B
According to Hales, Yudofsky and Talbott, (1944), hypnosis involves three factors, 1) absorption, whereby the individual is completely engrossed in a central experience, 2) dissociation, whereby the ordinary functioning of consciousness and memory are altered in some way and 3) suggestibility, whereby individuals have a tendency to be less inhibited and restricted while in the trance-like state.

Question 4

Question ID #6488: According to Nancy Chodorow (1978) roles in society will change only when we have a system of parenting in which men and women are equally responsible for child rearing. Chodorow feels:
Select one:
A. The present system doesn’t reflect the gendered division of labor
B. The present system teaches girls to remain attached to their mothers
C. The present system teaches boys to remain attached to their mothers
D. The present system cannot be explained through object relations theory

Answer 4

Correct Answer is: B
Chodorow uses the principles of object relations theory (thus “cannot be explained through object relations theory” is incorrect) to show that girls are taught to stay attached to their same sex mother while boys are taught to differentiate (opposite of “teaches boys to remain attached to their mothers”) from their mothers. Chodorow argues that the present system represents a gendered division of labor and that changes in gender relations will only occur when men and women are equally responsible for child rearing.

Question 5

Question ID #6665: Somatic therapy may include all of the following except:
Select one:
A. psychosurgery 
B. transtheoretical therapy
C. psychopharmacological therapy
D. electroconvulsive shock therapy

Answer 5

Correct Answer is: B
Associated with the bio-medical model, somatic therapy refers to types of treatment involving manipulations of the body. Three main types of somatic therapy are: psychopharmacological or drug therapy, which is the most common; electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT), which involves administering a muscle relaxant and anaesthetizing a patient before passing an electric current through the non-dominant brain hemisphere; and psychosurgery, which is the most extreme form of somatic therapy ( incorrect options). Psychosurgery is rarely used and reserved only for acute conditions such as severe depression, chronic anxiety, and severe obsessional disorders for which all other treatments have been unsuccessful. Psychosurgery involves either lobotomy (removal of brain tissue) or leucotomy (cutting the connections to a particular part of the brain).
Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical or Stages of Change theory is an eclectic model that integrates interventions from various theories of psychotherapy. Transtheoretical therapy incorporates the identified stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance in selecting and utilizing therapeutic interventions. For example, people are most likely to respond to feedback and education in the contemplation stage and social reinforcers in the maintenance stage.

Question 6

Question ID #6618: Meyer's (2003) minority stress model identifies distal and proximal factors that contribute to mental health outcomes in gay, lesbian, and bisexual populations. A proximal stressor from the model is:
Select one:
A. homonegativism
B. internalized homophobia
C. minority group status
D. discrimination and violenc

Answer 6

Correct Answer is: B
Meyer’s minority stress model distinguishes between distal factors, which are external, objective events and conditions, and proximal factors, which are an individual’s perceptions and appraisals of events and conditions. The minority stress model identifies three proximal stressors - expectations of rejection, concealment of sexual orientation, and internalized homophobia (the correct option).
Minority group status* and exposure to “prejudice events” such as discrimination and violence* are identified as a distal events or as an “environmental circumstance” in Meyer’s model. Prejudice, discrimination and stigma were linked with mental health problems. Homonegativism* refers to the beliefs and values of prejudiced individuals and is not part of the minority stress model (* incorrect options). [Meyer, I.H. (2003) Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence, Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697.]

Question 7

Question ID #6617: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a present-oriented, structured and time-limited treatment that integrates biological and psychosocial approaches.
Select one:
A. Motivational interviewing
B. Solution-focused therapy
C. Interpersonal psychotherapy
D. Reality therapy

Answer 7

Correct Answer is: C
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a manualized psychotherapy first designed for the treatment of nonbipolar, nonpsychotic major depression with the focus on the problems of depression and interpersonal distress. IPT focuses on interpersonal aspects of depression and uses the biopsychosocial model which frames depression as a medical illness occurring in a social context The goal of IPT is to alleviate symptoms with interpersonal relationships as a point of intervention. IPT has been found to be effective for the treatment of depression patients from adolescence to late life, for women with postpartum depression and for patients with medical comorbidity (See: Weissman, M.M., Markowitz, J.W., Klerman, G.L. (2000). Comprehensive guide to interpersonal psychotherapy. New York, Basic Books.)

Question 8

Question ID #6654: Which of the following is not an aspect of crisis theory?
Select one:
A. overwhelming emotions are the prime motivators for change
B. crisis theory emphasizes the cognitive and behavioral elements of a crisis
C. people in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of responses
D. crisis intervention will be more successful when a client is able to understand how his or her behavior is related to the crisis

Answer 8

Correct Answer is: A
According to crisis theory, people in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of responses* and a key goal of crisis intervention is to help individuals in crisis learn more effective coping so that they can respond more adaptively when having similar experiences in the future. Crisis management strategies often include grief work; active listening; encouraging the open expression of feelings; increasing understanding of the crisis; promoting greater acceptance of reality; exploring constructive ways of coping; linkage to a social network; decision counseling; and reinforcement of newly learned coping behaviors. While addressing a client’s emotions, including overwhelming ones, is a part of crisis intervention, crisis theory and crisis intervention also emphasize the cognitive and behavioral elements of a crisis. Although crisis theorists do predict that crisis intervention will be more successful when a client is able to understand the crisis situation (e.g., how his or her behavior is related to the crisis), neither insight nor the resolution of internal conflicts is considered a prerequisite for change or problem-solving during crisis intervention (* These are correct statements which makes them incorrect options).

Question 9

Question ID #6463: Cognitive behavior therapy, compared to operant behavior treatments, has been found to be:
Select one:
A. less effective across most diagnostic categories.
B. superior with more intelligent clients.
C. approximately equally effective with all types of disorders.
D. more effective with addictive disorders

Answer 9

Correct Answer is: C
The question is about the research showing that all types of treatments are about equal with all types of disorders. Outside of Agoraphobia, Specific Phobias (including school phobia), and sometimes some physiological problems, such as enuresis, psychological treatments tend to be about equal in their efficacy.
Additional Information: Evaluation of Cognitive Therapy

Question 10

Question ID #6529: Research on the use of mental health services by members of minority groups indicates that:
Select one:
A. utilization rates are lower for members of all minority groups than for whites.
B. utilization rates are higher for members of all minority groups than for whites.
C. utilization rates are higher for members of some minority groups and lower for members of other minority groups than for whites.
D. utilization rates for members of minority groups are about the same as the rates for whites.

Answer 10

Correct Answer is: C
It’s difficult to draw any general conclusions about utilization rates because the research findings are inconsistent. However, a 1991 study by Sue et al. (which is frequently cited in the literature) reports underutilization by Asian-and Latino-Americans and overutilization by African-Americans. The results of other studies also suggest that there are group differences in utilization rates, so this response (“utilization rates are higher for members of some minority groups and lower for members of other minority groups than for whites”) is the best.

Question 11

Question ID #6662: Solution-focused brief therapists in group work:
Select one:
A. utilize questioning
B. focus on identifying an individual’s problem
C. use a directive, expert stance.
D. emphasize insight as the main mechanism of change.

Answer 11

Correct Answer is: A
Solution-focused brief therapy, also referred to as solution focused or brief therapy, is a form of psychotherapy based on social constructionist philosophy that focuses on solutions rather than problems or their causes. Underlying this approach is the assumption that clients possess the resources needed to achieve their goals. The solution-focused therapist works with people to generate solutions to their problem using direct and indirect compliments and future-oriented questions such as the miracle question.

Question 12

Question ID #6644: A psychoanalytic therapist would attribute an anxiety disorder to:
Select one:
A. denial of negative impulses
B. primitive fantasies of aggression
C. failure of the defensive function of the ego
D. a narcissistic injury in early life

Answer 12

Correct Answer is: C
If you considered the purpose of the defense mechanisms (to reduce anxiety), this question was pretty easy. A psychoanalytic therapist would associate response (“denial of negative impulses”) with a passive-aggressive character; (“primitive fantasies of aggression “) with psychosis and (“a narcissistic injury in early life”) with a depressive character.

Question 13

Question ID #6579: Which of the following would most likely be the focus of an object-relations therapist?
Select one:
A. communication skills training and facilitating catharsis
B. paradoxical interventions and circular questioning
C. helping the client identify introjects and providing support
D. exploring intergenerational transmission processes and cognitive restructuring

Answer 13

Correct Answer is: C
There are a variety of object-relations theories and therapies based on them. However, most focus on how introjects, or internalized images of significant others from the past, affect our current relationships and functioning. In addition to helping clients identify introjects, an objects-relations therapist would be likely to provide support and “re-parenting,” in order to help the client develop new, healthier introjects.

Question 14

Question ID #6705: On which of the following dimensions does object relations psychotherapy differ most distinctly from traditional psychoanalytic therapy?
Select one:
A. interpretation of transference and resistance
B. focus on maladaptive cognitions
C. focus on authenticity of the patient’s mode of being-in-the-world
D. emotional neutrality or non-neutrality of the therapist

Answer 14

Correct Answer is: D
There are different forms of object-relations therapy, but they tend to focus on the patient’s modes of relating to others, including issues such as intimacy, control, autonomy and trust. The patient’s object relations manifest in his or her interactions with the therapist, and the therapist strives to provide a safe caring environment in which the patient can resolve the pathological qualities of the transference relationship and by extension, other relationships (in some forms of object relations therapy, this is referred to as “re-parenting”). Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy, the therapist does not adopt a passive or neutral stance. The answer choice (“interpretation of transference and resistance”) might have seemed liked a good answer, because in object relations therapy, interpretations do not play a curative role to the extent they do in traditional psychoanalytic therapy. However, they are a part of the therapeutic process in many forms of object relations therapy and therefore do not distinguish the two forms of therapy as well as emotional stance of the therapist. The other two choices have little to do with either traditional psychoanalytic therapy or objects relations therapy.

Question 15

Question ID #6568: From the perspective of Beck’s cognitive-behavioral model, automatic thoughts are
Select one:
A. basic irrational beliefs that underlie depression and other maladaptive behaviors.
B. interpretations of a situation that determine one’s behavioral and emotional responses.
C. central, firmly-held beliefs about the self.
D. misinterpretations of situations that reflect some type of cognitive distortion.

Answer 15

Correct Answer is: B
According to Beck, everyone has automatic thoughts - they’re not necessarily associated with cognitive distortions or psychological distress. However, when automatic thoughts provide an unrealistic interpretation of the situation (“This is awful!”), they may lead to maladaptive behavioral or emotional responses.

Question 16

Question ID #6653: According to Janet Helms' (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model, the fourth status of racial identity development is:
Select one:
A. immersion-emersion
B. disintegration
C. reintegration
D. pseudo-independence

Answer 16

Correct Answer is: D
Helms’ White Racial Identity Model (1984, 1995) consists of two Phases (Abandonment of Racism and Defining Non-racist White Identity) with six specific racial identity statuses equally distributed between the two phases: 1) Contact Status, 2) Disintegration Status, 3) Reintegration Status, 4) Pseudo-independence Status, 5) Immersion/Emersion Status, and 6) Autonomy Status. The first status, “contact” , is characterized by ignorance and disregard of any racial differences. The next stage, “disintegration” *, involves awareness of racial inequalities which results in moral confusion and conflict. The third status, “reintegration” *, involves Whites being viewed as superior to minorities. Next is “Pseudo-Independence” , which is marked by dissatisfaction with reintegration. Then is “Immersion-Emersion” , during which people embrace their whiteness without rejecting minorities ( incorrect options). The last status, “Autonomy” , is reached when a person internalizes a nonracist White identity, whereby similarities and differences are acknowledged but are not perceived as threatening.
Additional Information: Helms’ Racial Identity Models

Question 17

Question ID #5: Using a psychoanalytic approach, the sequence of interventions would be:
Select one:
A. confrontation, clarification, interpretation, working through
B. clarification, confrontation, interpretation, working through
C. confrontation, interpretation, clarification, working through
D. free association, catharsis, interpretation, working through

Answer 17

Correct Answer is: A
The first stage of psychoanalytic interventions is confrontation, in which the analyst points out that the client’s behavior is connected to an unconscious conflict or motivation. The second stage is clarification, in which there is an exploration to better understand the client’s unconscious motives. Interpretation is the third stage and includes a hypothesis about the source and meaning of a thought or behavior and is intended to illicit greater insight and understanding. Regardless of how correct or well-timed an interpretation may be, there must be a final stage of working through, during which the client gradually assimilates the insights into his or her personality.

Question 18

Question ID #6696: According to Derald Wing Sue’s locus of control and locus of responsibility theory, a person who gives up on getting a desirable job because he believes it is impossible to do so due to outside forces such as discrimination likely has a worldview of
Select one:
A. external locus of control, internal locus of responsibility.
B. external locus of control, external locus of responsibility.
C. internal locus of control, external locus of responsibility.
D. internal locus of control, internal locus of responsibility.

Answer 18

Correct Answer is: B
J.B. Rotter identified internal-external locus of control as a personality trait related to attributional tendency. People with an internal locus of control tend to view positive and negative outcomes as the result of their own actions; i.e., they believe they have control over their own fate. Those with an external locus of control view outside forces, such as luck or powerful external entities, as in control over what happens to them. Derald Wing Sue identified locus of responsibility as an additional attributional tendency. People with an internal locus of responsibility credit or blame themselves for what happens to them; those with an external locus of responsibility place credit or blame with others. According to Sue, one’s worldview can fall into one of four quadrants, based on their locus of control and locus of responsibility. For example, people with an internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility (IC-ER) might blame society for their problems, but believe that they have the ability to overcome these problems; this is the typical worldview of an activist or militant. Sue noted that IC-IR is the quadrant considered normal and healthy in the dominant culture, but that this is not necessarily the case in minority cultures. In this question, the person believes he has no control over his ability to get a job and blames the problem on discrimination. Therefore, he has an external locus of control and external locus of responsibility.

Question 19

Question ID #6578: The clinical scales of the MMPI-2 were developed using empirical criterion keying. This means that
Select one:
A. items which distinguish between specific subgroups of people are retained for the final version of the test.
B. items that have high correlations with the previous version of the test are retained for the final version of the test.
C. items that have high correlations with other tests designed to measure similar constructs are retained for the final version of the test.
D. items which appear to measure what they are designed to measure are retained for the final version of the test

Answer 19

Correct Answer is: A
In empirical criterion keying, items are assessed to determine how well they distinguish between prespecified criterion groups (e.g., between depressed and non-depressed individuals). The items that best distinguish between the groups are maintained for the final version of the scale or the test.

Question 20

Question ID #10: Freud’s psychosexual stages of development are based on:
Select one:
A. various levels of consciousness
B. interpersonal conflicts which develop during specific age intervals
C. areas of the body that experience sexual excitability in a fixed sequence
D. five levels of basic human needs which can be hierarchically ordered

Answer 20

Correct Answer is: C
Freud’s psychosexual stages are based on the erogenous zones or areas of the body which become particularly sensitive to erotic stimulation during different developmental stages.
various levels of consciousness

This refers to Freud’s structural model of the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.

interpersonal conflicts which develop during specific age intervals

This refers to Erickson’s theory of personality development.

five levels of basic human needs which can be hierarchically ordered

This refers to Maslow’s theory.

Question 21

Question ID #6467: You are seeing a client who exhibits all the major symptoms of a Major Depressive episode. You should
Select one:
A. invite his wife in to aid in completing a more comprehensive family history.
B. assess for early child abuse.
C. refer him to a psychiatrist for a medical evaluation.
D. assess for recent deaths in his family.

Answer 21

Correct Answer is: C
While the other choices could be options, “all the major symptoms” should tip you off to your client’s level of distress. Standard 1.20 (Consultations and Referrals) states, “Psychologists arrange for appropriate consultations and referrals based principally on the best interests of their patients.”

Question 22

Question ID #6646: Which of the following concepts is not a feature of Transactional Analysis (TA)?
Select one:
A. parent, adult, child ego states
B. life positions
C. psychosocial stages
D. egograms

Answer 22

Correct Answer is: C
The psychosocial stages of development are associated with Erik Erikson’s theory. Transactional Analysis (TA) is a model of people and relationships that is based on two notions: first, that we have functional ‘ego-states’ to our personality; and second, that these parts converse with one another in ‘transactions.’ Berne’s theory proposes we each have internal models or ego states of parents [i.e., Critical Parent (CP), Nurturing Parent (NP)], children [i.e., Free Child (FC), Adapted Child (AC)] and adults, and that we play these roles with one another in our relationships as well as with ourselves internally. The ego states, which are expressed relative to one another, can be mapped using an egogram. Life positions* in TA refer to the view we have of ourselves in relation to other people around us such as “I’m okay, You’re okay” and its variations. (* These are correct statements which make them incorrect options.)

Question 23

Question ID #6599: A difference between the brief dynamic therapies and crisis intervention is:
Select one:
A. brief dynamic therapies focuses on specific symptoms
B. crisis intervention focuses on specific symptoms
C. crisis intervention views the patient’s symptoms as pathological
D. brief dynamic therapies views the patient’s symptoms as pathological

Answer 23

Correct Answer is: D
Brief dynamic therapies emphasize specific symptoms, viewed as pathological, and addresses underlying personality issues with emphasis on altering the normal level of functioning. Crisis intervention also focuses on specific symptoms; however, crisis intervention views symptoms as expected responses to acute trauma and seeks to return the person to the pre-trauma level of functioning.

Question 24

Question ID #6533: According to the theory of psychopathology on which Beck’s model of cognitive therapy is based, which of the following is true regarding the role of schema?
Select one:
A. Dysfunctional schemas always cause problems, even if they are not associated with symptomatic behavior.
B. Certain types of schema, known as “core schema” are not accessible to the conscious mind.
C. Schemas govern cognition but not other psychological phenomena such as memory, affect, or motivation.
D. Dysfunctional schema develop over the course of life experience beginning in childhood.

Answer 24

Correct Answer is: D
According to Beck, schemas are relatively stable cognitive patterns on which attention to and interpretations of external events are based. In a depressed individual, the person’s interpretation of external events is distorted to fit the schema. For example, a person who views him- or herself as worthless and deserving rejection will tend to interpret the statements and behaviors of others as rejection. Beck believed that life experiences, beginning in childhood, provide the basis for forming schemas. As an example, the belief that all losses are irreversible is a core schema that may have been formed due in large part to the death of a parent in childhood.
Let’s briefly go through the other choices.

Dysfunctional schemas always cause problems, even if they are not associated with symptomatic behavior.

This choice is incorrect because not all schemas – even dysfunctional schemas – cause problems. This is because, according to Beck, some schemas are inactive and remain so unless they are activated by external events.

Certain types of schema, known as “core schema” are not accessible to the conscious mind.

This is wrong because Beck believed that schemas – including core schemas, or basic assumptions about oneself and the world – are readily available to the patient’s conscious mind; this is one way that he distinguishes the cognitive therapy approach from psychoanalysis.

Schemas govern cognition but not other psychological phenomena such as memory, affect, or motivation.

This is wrong because Beck believed that schemas are involved in memory, affect, and motivation, as well as all other functions related to perception and information processing.

Question 25

Question ID #8: A couple comes to therapy complaining that all their conversations end in arguments. This is characteristic of which pattern of communication?
Select one:
A. symmetrical
B. complimentary
C. pseudohostility
D. mystification

Answer 25

Correct Answer is: A
Communication patterns can be characterized as either symmetrical or complimentary. In symmetrical communication there is equality between the partners, however, this can result in competition and conflict.
complimentary

In the complimentary communication pattern there is inequality, with one partner taking a dominant role and the other a subordinate role.

pseudohostility

Pseudohostility presents as superficial bickering in order to avoid real conflicts.

mystification

In mystification, the person uses denial to mask what is really going on.

Question 26

Question ID #6611: The development of depressive symptomology according to Beck's cognitive theory, a diathesis-stress model, proposes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ serves as the vulnerability.
Select one:
A. a genetic predisposition
B. depressogenic schema
C. exposure to a negative event
D. a negative attributional style

Answer 26

Correct Answer is: B
Diathesis-stress models state that illness is the result of diathesis (vulnerability) combined with stress, with the nature of the vulnerability depending on the type of theory. Beck’s theory of depression identifies the source of vulnerability as cognitive factors. His cognitive diathesis-stress model of depression suggests some people, when exposed to a negative life event (stress), are vulnerable to experiencing depression as they have depressogenic schemata (dysfunctional attitudes).
A negative attributional style or types of attributions such as internal, stable, and global attributions are recognized as the diathesis in Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy’s (1989) hopelessness model of depression.

Question 27

Question ID #11: When working with ethnically, linguistically, and racially diverse populations, a therapist should emphasize:
Select one:
A. acculturation
B. client’s individual goals
C. the political, social, and economic affects on mental health
D. which stage of identity development the client is in

Answer 27

Correct Answer is: B
Although all of the choices offered are important to consider when working with diverse populations, a therapist should not “emphasize” any of the choices other than the client’s individual goals

Question 28

Question ID #6583: The most correct statement that can be made about biofeedback as a therapeutic treatment for pain reduction is that
Select one:
A. the significant effects found can be accounted for by the type of instrumentation employed.
B. it is effective for certain types of patients only.
C. its effectiveness has diminished over the years.
D. it is probably no different from relaxation training in its effectiveness.

Answer 28

Correct Answer is: D
Research on the efficacy of biofeedback for pain reduction indicates that it is as effective as treatments such as relaxation training. This is true for the treatment of most disorders or conditions, however in cases such as the treatment of Raynaud’s Disease or migraine headaches, some studies suggest that biofeedback is the treatment of choice.

Question 29

Question ID #6471: One of the most consistent findings of the research on client factors in the therapy process is that
Select one:
A. more seriously disturbed clients have better outcomes in therapy.
B. higher levels of intelligence predict better therapy outcomes.
C. age is significantly related to therapy outcome.
D. men are more likely to seek therapy.

Answer 29

Correct Answer is: B
One of the most consistent findings of the research on client factors is that higher levels of intelligence predict better therapy outcome (Luborsky, 1989).
more seriously disturbed clients have better outcomes in therapy.

This answer is incorrect because seriously disturbed individuals actually have poorer outcomes (Garfield, 1994).

age is significantly related to therapy outcome.

Age appears to be unrelated to therapy outcome.

men are more likely to seek therapy.

This would have to state that women are more likely to seek therapy to be correct (Luborsky et al., 1989).

Question 30

Question ID #13: After doing poorly on a geometry test, a student concludes that he is stupid, despite the fact that he usually receives A's and B's in all of his other classes. According to Beck, this would be an example of:
Select one:
A. Personalization 
B. Dichotomous thinking
C. Selective abstraction
D. Learned helplessness

Answer 30

Correct Answer is: C
Selective abstraction occurs when one focuses on a detail that is taken out of context, at the expense of other information.
Personalization

Personalization is when external events are incorrectly attributed to oneself.

Dichotomous thinking

Dichotomous or polarized thinking is categorizing experiences into one of two extremes, i.e., either/or thinking.

Question 31

Question ID #6556: Researchers in the area of cognitive therapy have conducted studies regarding the predominant types and styles of cognition in different mental disorders. These studies have found all of the following to be distinguishing features of cognitions in depression and anxiety, except
Select one:
A. in depression, cognitions about hopelessness and failure are more common than in anxiety.
B. depressed people are more likely to have absolute thoughts about negative themes; anxious people are more likely to have questioning thoughts about the future of events.
C. anxious people tend to be self-absorbed; depressed people tend to be more absorbed with others.
D. depressed people have enhanced recall of negative feedback; anxious people have enhanced recall of threatening situations.

Answer 31

Correct Answer is: C
Self-absorption is characteristic of the cognitive and information processing style of both depressed and anxious individuals. The other choices about the differences between depressed and anxious individuals are true

Question 32

Question ID #6474: In terms of worldview, Sue and Sue (1990) propose that minority groups are increasingly more likely to exhibit an
Select one:
A. external locus of control and responsibility.
B. internal locus of control and responsibility.
C. external locus of control, internal locus of responsibility.
D. internal locus of control, external locus of responsibility.

Answer 32

Correct Answer is: D
Sue and Sue (Counseling the Culturally Different, New York, John Wiley, 1990) indicate that minority group members are becoming increasingly aware of their own ethnic identity and adopting a worldview that reflects an internal locus of control and an external locus of responsibility.
external locus of control and responsibility.

An external locus of control and responsibility is more characteristic of a “placater” who adopts a passive role.

internal locus of control and responsibility.

Internal locus of control and responsibility is characteristic of the Westernized approach to counseling and white middle-class clients.

external locus of control, internal locus of responsibility.

An external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility is more characteristic of “marginalized” individuals who have been oppressed by the dominant group.

Question 33

Question ID #6592: According to Janet Helms' (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model, the final stage of racial identity development is:
Select one:
A. autonomy
B. disintegration
C. reintegration
D. immersion-emersion

Answer 33

Correct Answer is: A
According to Helms, autonomy is the final stage of racial identity development. Autonomy is characterized by a nonracist White identity based on a realistic understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of White culture. At this stage, Whites value and seek out cross-racial interactions.

Question 34

Question ID #6671: The conviction that love, friendship and occupation are the three major life tasks is most similar to the theory and beliefs of:
Select one:
A. Maslow. 
B. Adler.
C. Rogers.
D. Berne.

Answer 34

Correct Answer is: B
The three tasks (friendship, occupation, and love) all involve social interactions which is most consistent with Adler’s emphasis on social factors and need to belong (i.e., social interest). Adler held people are primarily motivated by an innate social interest and that the goal in life is to act in ways that fulfill social responsibilities.

Question 35

Question ID #6635: Gregory Herek (1992) ascribes violence against gays and lesbians to:
Select one:
A. stigmatization.
B. bigotry.
C. homophobia. 
D. heterosexism.

Answer 35

Correct Answer is: D
According to Gregory Herek, violence against gays and lesbians is attributable to a combination of psychological (individual) and cultural heterosexism. Heterosexism is defined as an “ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community” (p. 150). [Psychological heterosexism and anti-gay violence: The social psychology of bigotry. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill, Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 149-169), Newbury Park, Sage, 1992].

Question 36

Question ID #6528: Relying on the work of Heinz Kohut, a therapist would stress the use of which of the following when working with a narcissistic client?
Select one:
A. coaching 
B. empathy
C. congruence
D. interpretation of drives

Answer 36

Correct Answer is: B
According to Kohut, a consistent lack of parental empathy is what leads to narcissism in a child in the first place. Therefore, to help the narcissistic client develop a more healthy, cohesive sense of self, the therapist must provide empathy.

Question 37

Question ID #6554: In working with a triangulated family, a structural family therapist would
Select one:
A. work with the most differentiated family members in order to reduce their emotional reactivity.
B. use a paradoxical intervention by taking steps to increase the family’s initial level of triangulation.
C. train the family in communication skills and techniques.
D. upset the family’s balance by blocking the family from its normal interactional pattern.

Answer 37

Correct Answer is: D
Minuchin, the founder of structural family therapy, defines triangulation as a family boundary problem in which each parent demands that the child side with him or her against the other parent. According to Minuchin, the therapist’s goal in this and other situations in which parents attempt to deflect conflict onto children is to restructure the parent-child and spousal subsystems so they function correctly. This involves introducing some stress into the family system to upset the family’s balance and block the family from its normal way of interacting. For example, Minuchin describes strategies such as prohibiting children from talking about symptomatic behavior with their parents, rewarding parents for their capacity to nurture and support each other, and restructuring the parents in a coalition against their child.

Question 38

Question ID #6658: A therapist typically conceptualizes cases from a psychodynamic theoretical framework and uses related techniques however, she uses an empty chair technique in a therapy session. The therapist's use of this technique is consistent with:
Select one:
A. theoretical integration.
B. assimilative integration.
C. technical eclecticism.
D. common factors.

Answer 38

Correct Answer is: B
An openness to various ways of integrating diverse theories and techniques characterizes psychotherapy integration. What differentiates psychotherapy integration from an eclectic approach is that in an eclectic approach, a therapist chooses interventions based on what works without considering a theoretical basis for using the technique, while psychotherapy integration attends to the relationship between technique and theory. Assimilative Integration is an approach to psychotherapy integration in which the therapist has a commitment to one theoretical approach but also is willing to use techniques from other therapeutic approaches.
Additional Information: Psychotherapy Integration