Missed clinical psych Q's

Question 1

Which of the following types of therapists would be most interested in interpreting the defenses against anxiety that underlie a individual's current maladaptive behavior patterns?
Select one:
A. reality therapy
B. solution-focused therapy
C. personal construct therapy
D. object relations therapy

Answer 1

Correct Answer is: D
Object relations therapy, a psychodynamic therapy, centers on how unconscious processes impact present relationships by identifying and interpreting defenses and transferences.
reality therapy

Glasser’s reality therapy focuses on current issues and current problems.

solution-focused therapy

Solution focused adopts a here-and-now orientation and focuses on identifying solutions to problems.

personal construct therapy

Kelly’s personal construct therapy combines cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic concepts and focuses on the impact of the individual’s perspective on his/her experience of the world.

Question 2

Psychodrama seeks to examine and resolve difficult situations through guided dramatization and the release of creative forces inherent in the individual. The issue or problem to be explored in the psychodrama is chosen by the:
Select one:
A. protagonist
B. antagonist
C. director
D. audience

Answer 2

Correct Answer is: A
Most associated with Jacob L. Moreno, psychodrama employs experiential methods, role theory, sociometry and group dynamics to facilitate insight, personal growth, and integration on cognitive, behavioral and affective levels. Psychodrama provides participants a safe, supportive environment in which to practice new and more effective roles and behaviors. There are three distinct components of group interaction in a classically structured psychodrama session: the warm-up, the action and the sharing phases. In the warm-up phase, the group theme is identified and a protagonist (which is the the correct option), individual(s) who represents the theme in the drama, is selected. In the action phase the problem is dramatized and the protagonist explores new methods of resolving it.
Then in the sharing phase, group members or the audience* may express or share their associations, experience or connection with the protagonist’s work. The other components of psychodrama include: auxiliary egos, or group members who assume the roles of significant others in the drama; the director, a trained psychodramatist who guides participants through each phase of the session; and the stage, the physical space in which the drama is conducted (* incorrect options).
Additional Information: Psychodrama

Question 3

When a therapist shifts the perspective of looking at an individual's behavior from an intrapersonal to an interpersonal definition of the individual's problem, the therapist is:
Select one:
A. relabeling.
B. reframing.
C. schema restructuring.
D. cognitive restructuring.

Answer 3

Correct Answer is: B
Reframing is a technique of family therapy, especially structural and strategic, that involves redefining a problem behavior in order to get the family to see it in a new light with the purpose being to increase the family’s compliance with treatment. For example, a therapist may tell parents that their child who often “talks back” is expressing a need for love and insecurity rather than anger and disrespect. Reframing the situation may then increase the parents’ willingness to change their own behavior, rather than focusing only on the child, or identified patient.
Relabeling, involves substituting a benign label for a pathological label a family attaches to a problem in order to change the meaning. Schema restructuring is the kind of learning that involves fundamental changes in the nature of the schema itself. Cognitive restructuring, involves replacing maladaptive thought patterns with constructive and adaptive thoughts and beliefs ( incorrect options).

Question 4

Communication-interaction therapy espouses that communication has both a "report" function and a
Select one (but know what each one means):
A. Principle of equifinality
B. Command function Correct
C. Circular model of causality
D. Paradoxical strategy

Answer 4

Correct Answer is: B
Family therapists from the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto such as Gregory Bateson, Virginia Satir, and Jay Haley described communication as having a “report function” that contains the content or informational aspect of the communication, and the “command function”, that is often conveyed nonverbally and exemplifies the relationship between the communicators. The other choices are other concepts from the Mental Research Institute.
“Principles of equifinality” refers to the idea that no matter where the system change occurs, the end result is the same. “Circular model of causality” is a concept in their approach that describes a symptom as both a cause and an effect of dysfunctional communication patterns. “Paradoxical strategies” include prescribing the symptom and relabeling, or changing the label a family attaches to a problem in order to change the meaning.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is most consistent with Troiden’s (1989) model of gay and lesbian identity development?
Select one:
A. Identity confusion and identity assumption begin somewhat earlier for females than males, but identity commitment begins earlier for males than females.
B. Identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment begin somewhat earlier for males than females.
C. Identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment begin somewhat earlier for females than males.
D. There are no gender differences in the age of onset for homosexual identity development.

Answer 5

Correct Answer is: B
Troiden’s (1989) model of homosexual identity development describes four stages: Sensitization, identity confusion, identity assumption, and identity commitment. Sensitization begins before puberty and consists of homosexual feelings or experiences without an understanding of them in terms of self-identity. Identity confusion, which usually develops in adolescent males around 17 years and in females around 18 when they realize that they may be homosexual. During identity assumption, the individual comes out as a homosexual - typically from 19-21 years for males and 21-23 for females. Identity commitment is characterized by the individual adopting a homosexual lifestyle - which usually occurs from 21-24 years for males and 22-23 for females [The formation of homosexual identities, Journal of Homosexuality, 17(1/2), 43-73].
Additional Information: Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development

Question 6

African-American families use an authority structure that can be best characterized as:
Select one:
A. matriarchal
B. patriarchal
C. egalitarian
D. too diverse to generalize

Answer 6

Correct Answer is: C
Although African-American families were previously believed to most often have a matriarchal authority structure, more recent authors have concluded that they are typically egalitarian. That is, the husband and wife equally share authority in the family.
Additional Information: Counseling African-American Clients

Question 7

In their often-cited research study, Sue and his colleagues (1991) found that ethnic matching of therapist and client:
Select one:
A. improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for African-American clients but not for Asian-American or Mexican-American clients.
B. improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for Asian-American and Mexican-American clients but has less of an effect on these variables for African-American clients.
C. substantially improves therapy outcome and reduces premature termination for Asian-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and African-Americans.
D. is related to premature termination for African-Americans and Whites but has little or no impact on other measures of treatment outcome.

Answer 7

Correct Answer is: B
This is a difficult question because the research is so inconsistent on this issue. However, this question is referring to a specific study, which makes it easier as long as you’re familiar with that study’s results. One of the things that Sue and his colleagues learned was that the effects of ethnic matching differ for different minority groups. Specifically, ethnic matching seems most beneficial for Asian- and Hispanic-Americans, so this response best summarizes their findings.
Additional Information: Therapist-Client Similarity

Question 8

The five layers of neurosis, proposed by Perls (1969)

Answer 8

to describe the process of working through neurosis are: phony, phobic, impasse, implosive, and explosive. Neurotic anxiety is the result of not facing normal anxiety

Question 9

The use of the technique known as self-instruction with hyperactive children involves
Select one:
A. programmed learning.
B. having the children write down their daily goals in advance.
C. having the children make self-statements.
D. having the children do the their schoolwork by themselves.

Answer 9

Correct Answer is: C
Donald Meichenbaum developed the technique of self-instruction as a means of helping impulsive and hyperactive children to perform tasks more successfully. The technique involves teaching the subject to make appropriate self-statements while performing a desired task.

A cognitive restructuring technique that entails identifying and replacing maladaptive cognitions with more adaptive ones. Steps include: cognitive modeling (the client observes as a model performs a task and the client makes self-statements out loud); cognitive participant modeling (the client performs the task as the model verbalizes instructions); overt self-instruction (the client performs the task while instructing him/herself out loud); fading overt self-instruction (the client whispers the instructions while performing the task); and covert self-instruction (the client performs the task while saying the instructions to him/herself). Useful for helping impulsive and hyperactive children slow down their behaviors and guide themselves through tasks.

Question 10

The first, non-pathologizing model of homosexual identity formation is associated with which of the following individuals?
Select one:
A. Troiden
B. Cass
C. Sophie
D. Hanley-Hackenbrunch

Answer 10

Correct Answer is: B
Vivienne Cass proposed individuals go through a six-stage, non-age specific, process of homosexual identity development. The stages are: identity awareness (conscious of being different); identity comparison (believes may be homosexual, acts heterosexual); identity tolerance (realizes is homosexual); identity acceptance (begins to explore gay community); identity pride (becomes active in gay community); and synthesis (fully accepts self and others). Richard Troiden outlined a four-stage age-graded model: sensitization, identity confusion, identity, identity assumption, and commitment. (See: Cass, V. C. (1979). Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 4, 219-235).Sophie postulated a four-stage coming out process: first awareness, testing and exploration, identity acceptance, and commitment. Hanley-Hackenbruch developed a three-stage model: prohibition; ambivalence/practicing or compulsion/exploration; and consolidation/integration. Two limitations shared by all four of the models are: the assumption of a stable, core sexual orientation which, at least in the final stages, excludes bisexual or transgender identity development; and the cross-cultural applicability of the developmental models.

Question 11

In treating a patient with Dissociative Identity Disorder, the first thing a cognitive therapist would do is:
Select one:
A. set treatment goals.
B. label the maladaptive beliefs that cause or contribute to the patient’s problems maintaining a coherent sense of identity.
C. be supportive and try to establish a therapeutic alliance.
D. attempt to establish inter-personality communication.

Answer 11

Correct Answer is: C
The literature on both cognitive therapy and the treatment of multiple personality (Dissociative Identity Disorder) strongly emphasizes the need to develop a strong therapeutic alliance in the initial stages of therapy.

Question 12

A Caucasian comes to a stage where he does not want to have racist views. According to Helms, which stage of identity development is this person in?
Select one:
A. Reintegration
B. Pseudo-independence
C. Immersion-Emersion
D. Autonomy

Answer 12

Correct Answer is: C
Janet Helms (1984) originally developed her White and People of Color Racial Identity Model to try and help resolve interracial tension in cross cultural psychotherapy. She developed a white racial identity model that reflects abandonment of racism and the development of a nonracist white identity. At the Immersion-Emersion level of identity development, people embrace their whiteness without rejecting members of minority groups and attempt to determine how they can feel proud of their own race without being racist.
In Reintegration, people resolve their conflicts by adopting the position that whites are superior. In Pseudo-Independence, people become dissatisfied with reintegration and re-examine their beliefs about racial inequalities. In Autonomy, Whites internalize a nonracist white identity and seek out cross-racial interactions.

Question 13

The form of therapy based partially on the work of Harry Stack Sullivan that typically focuses on specific problem areas such as grief, role transitions, and social deficits is
Select one:
A. narrative therapy.
B. interpersonal therapy. Correct
C. self-control therapy.
D. rational-emotive therapy.

Answer 13

Correct Answer is: B
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a short-term approach to the treatment of depression, and specifically for four problem areas it views as common in depressed clients: grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits. The approach is based in part on the work of Harry Stack Sullivan, who is credited as one of the first pioneers of psychotherapy to focus on intrapersonal as opposed to intrapsychic problems. Treatment, which may consist of 12-20 sessions, is divided into three phases. In the initial phase, the presenting issue is identified and conceptualized as an interpersonal problem. Interventions in the intermediate phase depend on the specific problem area, but they focus directly on the problem area and interpersonal or social issues that contribute to it. Typical interventions include social skills training, role playing, and homework assignments. In the termination phase, the therapist and the client review the latter's progress, acknowledge the new skills acquired, and address feelings of loss that termination may evoke. Although originally developed as an individual therapy for adult depression, IPT has been modified and applied to treating adolescents and couples, and also to the treatment of other disorders seen as connected to interpersonal deficits, such as eating disorders.

Question 14

IPT believes that depression is primarily caused by:
Select one:
A. Disturbances in early life especially related to attachment
B. Biochemical factors
C. Disturbances in cognitive functioning
D. Faulty cognitions

Answer 14

Correct Answer is: A
Interpersonal therapy, described by Klerman and Weisman relates depression to difficulties with social roles and interpersonal relationships. These are traceable to a lack of strong attachments early in life. The primary goals of IPT are symptom reduction and improved interpersonal functioning.

Question 15

A therapist working from the perspective of Minuchin’s school of thought would examine a family system in terms of
Select one:
A. multigenerational transmission processes.
B. subsystems and boundaries. Correct
C. fusion and differentiation.
D. communication style.

Answer 15

Correct Answer is: B
Salvador Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy is based on and extends general family systems theory. The goal is to restructure maladaptive family structures, including family subsystems and boundaries.

Question 16

Which of the following factors are considered most important for competent multicultural counseling?
Select one:
A. commitment, sensitivity, and technique
B. sensitivity, instillation of hope, and acceptance
C. acceptance, awareness, and flexibility Incorrect
D. awareness, knowledge, and skills

Answer 16

Feedback
Correct Answer is: D
Multicultural competence is most often attributed to one’s level of awareness, knowledge, and skills. “Awareness” refers to awareness of one’s own beliefs, values, and stereotypes. “Knowledge” refers to knowledge of the worldviews of clients with different cultural backgrounds. And “skills” refers to the skills that are most appropriate for clients with different cultural backgrounds

Question 17

Despite his many accomplishments and positive feedback from his supervisor, a client believes his work performance is below average because he feels like a failure. This is an example of:
Select one:
A. minimization
B. selective abstraction
C. emotional reasoning
D. personalization

Answer 17

Correct Answer is: C
Emotional reasoning is one of several cognitive distortions described by Beck. It refers to a person believing that because he or she feels a negative emotion, there must be a corresponding negative external situation.
minimization

Minimization is seeing something as less significant than it really is.

selective abstraction

Selective abstraction occurs when one focuses on a detail, taken out of context, at the expense of other information.

personalization

Personalization is the attribution of external events to oneself without evidence of a causal connection.

Question 18

Whether sex therapy results in sustained change over time appears to vary depending on the presenting problem. According to outcome research on sex therapy, which of the following is not true?
Select one:
A. Sex therapy for vaginismus is highly effective in the short and long-term.
B. Sex therapy for erectile dysfunction is highly effective in the short and long-term.
C. Low sexual desire in men shows a relatively poor treatment response in the short and long-term.
D. Low sexual desire in women shows a relatively poor treatment response in the short-term but is highly effective in the long-term

Answer 18

Correct Answer is: D
Although research on the results of sex therapy is limited, findings indicate that sex therapy for vaginismus* and erectile dysfunction* is highly effective in the short- and long-term (one to six years). Results for premature ejaculation however suggest short-term success but less permanent results. Low sexual desire in men shows a relatively poor treatment response* in the short- and long-term and the long-term results of treatment for low sexual desire in women is also relatively poor (* incorrect options). Some studies suggest clients that receive an occasional “booster” session, post-treatment may maintain better improvement through preventive measures and even though some individuals had returned to pretreatment dysfunctions in sexual behavior, sex therapy yielded an improvement in the way a many felt about their sexuality.

Question 19

In psychoanalytic practice, transference is:
Select one:
A. counteracted through direct interpretation of its use as a resistance.
B. discouraged as an interference with the treatment process.
C. a sign that treatment is having an effect and discussed as the patient is made conscious of it.
D. actively encouraged through direct confrontations regarding the patient’s thoughts and feelings toward the therapist.

Answer 19

Correct Answer is: C
Psychoanalysis as a treatment rests on the work of interpreting transference and resistance. The goal is to replace the acting-out neurosis with the transference neurosis, so that the patient can be made to see his or her conflicts as they are exemplified by his or her reactions in the analytic situation. In fact, the transference neurosis is something the therapist attempts to engender by remaining neutral and letting the patient project his or her feelings toward past significant others onto the therapist. Thus, it is a sign that the analysis is having an effect. If the patient cannot develop a true transference neurosis, as is true of many severely disturbed individuals, psychoanalytic success will be limited.

Question 20

Minuchin defines three types of “rigid triangles” that involve chronic boundary disturbances:

Answer 20

triangulation (“each parent demands that the child side with him/her”); detouring (“the parents either consistently attack or protect the child”); and a stable coalition (“the child and one parent ‘gang up’ on the other parent”)

Question 21

According to psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are derived:
Select one:
A. by the unconscious part of the ego transforming the warded-off impulse into a symptom which allows for both gratification of the wish and adherence to the prohibition against its expression.
B. to satisfy the id’s wish for unbridled gratification without threatening the needs of the ego or the superego.
C. as a means of keeping unconscious libidinal or aggressive impulses from reaching consciousness.
D. as a result of conflict between the ego’s attempt to follow reality and the superego’s demands for adherence to social norms.

Answer 21

Correct Answer is: C
According to psychoanalytic theory, the function of defense mechanisms is to keep warded off impulses or wishes from reaching consciousness. Anxiety results when defense mechanisms break down and an impulse or wish can no longer be contained in the unconscious.

Question 22

According to many experts in cross-cultural psychology and counseling, Western assumptions about psychology, as compared to non-Western assumptions, are characterized by all of the following except
Select one:
A. an emphasis on context.
B. an emphasis on linearity.
C. abstraction.
D. an emphasis on individualism.

Answer 22

Correct Answer is: A
The study of psychology and the practice of psychotherapy require the application of certain assumptions about human beings in general and what constitutes healthy behavior. Many such assumptions are culturally driven and Western assumptions may not always apply across cultures. For instance, one author makes a distinction between high-context and low-context cultures. The distinction refers to a culture’s tendency to cater towards in-groups. In high context cultures, which cater towards in-groups, people expect meanings to be embedded in the context of situations, because they expect others around them to have similar experiences and expectations; thus, much more is left unsaid. By contrast, in low-context cultures, where there is a less of an expectation of similar experiences, people search for meaning in words, phrases, and abstract concepts. From the perspective of this framework, Western cultures, contrary to the first choice, are low in context. The other choices describe characteristics of Western culture that may influence counseling and psychology. Linear thinking, or the notion that each cause has an effect and each effect has a cause, is an underlying assumption that may cause difficulty in communicating with clients from cultures where events may be viewed as causally unconnected. Abstraction is also more characteristic of Western culture, as noted in the discussion above about context. And many Western psychological theories emphasize the importance of individual happiness and control of one’s destiny, whereas in other cultures, functioning as part of the family or community without thinking oneself may be more highly valued.

Question 23

Traditional Western approaches to individual psychotherapy can best be described as:
Select one:
A. linear and reductionist
B. non-linear and holistic
C. relativistic and abstract
D. elitist and futile

Answer 23

Correct Answer is: A
Traditional Western approaches to individual psychotherapy emphasize linear causal relationships and are reductionistic, that is, they tend to explain complex phenomena in terms of relatively simple principles. Non-linear, holistic, and relativistic are terms used to describe non-western and systems approaches.

Question 24

On the Halstead-Reitan, the Impairment Index is used as a measure of brain damage and
Select one:
A. represents the examinee’s mean score on the relevant subtests.
B. is derived from the number of subtests on which the examinee scored below the criterion score.
C. is a profile that makes it possible to compare the examinee’s score pattern to those of people with and without brain damage.
D. is calculated by totaling the examinee’s scores on the individual subtests.

Answer 24

Correct Answer is: B
The Impairment Index is calculated by adding the number of subtests on which the examinee scored below the cutoff and dividing the sum by the total number of subtests. (Originally, ten subtests were used; some experts now recommend including only seven.) The higher the Impairment Index, the greater the likelihood of brain damage.

Question 25

elaboration likelihood model is

Answer 25

which is a cognitive model of attitude change that predicts that persuasion can occur in one of two ways–through a central and peripheral route

Question 26

The Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program (TDCRP), conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health, compared Cognitive Therapy, antidepressant medication, pill placebo, and interpersonal psychotherapy treatments in depressed outpatients. The results of this study found:
Select one:
A. cognitive therapy is more effective than the other treatments for mild to moderate depression
B. cognitive therapy is more effective than the other treatments for moderate to severe depression
C. no difference in observed outcome between cognitive therapy and antidepressant medications (ADMs) for mild to moderate depression.
D. no difference in observed outcome between cognitive therapy and antidepressant medications (ADMs) for moderate to severe depression.

Answer 26

Feedback
Correct Answer is: C
Findings of the NIMH’s TDCRP research project indicate no differences in outcome were observed between CT and ADM among all patients. In other words, overall, cognitive therapy (CT) and antidepressant medication are about equally effective in the treatment of depression. In a secondary analysis of more severely depressed patients, however, ADM outcomes were superior to both cognitive therapy and placebo. Antidepressant medications (ADMs) are the most widely used treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) in the United States and evidence supports the efficacy of ADMs, particularly among more severely depressed patients, as first-line therapy for patients with moderate to severe MDD.

Question 27

According to the APA’s Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Older Adults, which of the following statements regarding psychotherapy effectiveness is most accurate?
Select one:
A. older adults do not respond as well as younger adults
B. older adults respond better than younger adults
C. older adults respond similarly to younger adults, although older adults tend to respond quicker
D. older adults respond similarly to younger adults, although older adults tend to respond slower

Answer 27

Correct Answer is: D
The American Psychological Association, in its Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Older Adults [American Psychologist, 2004, 59(4), 236-260] concluded that older adults may respond more slowly to various forms of psychotherapy but there are few significant differences in effectiveness relative to younger adults. Additionally, tailoring an intervention to the specific needs of an older client may increase its effectiveness.

Question 28

An African-American client who is referred to an African-American therapist states that he has been cheated because he is getting sub-standard care. According to the minority identity development model, this person is in which stage of development?
Select one:
A. conformity
B. dissonance
C. resistance
D. introspection

Answer 28

Correct Answer is: A
The Minority Identity Development (MID) model defines five stages of identity development in African-Americans and other minority groups who share an experience of oppression. The stages are Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, and Synergistic Articulation and Awareness. In the first stage, Conformity, the person is likely to have strong negative feelings toward one’s own culture and strong positive feelings toward the dominant culture. Thus, an African-American who feels cheated by having to see an African-American therapist would likely be in the Conformity stage of development.

Question 29

Traditional psychoanalytic psychotherapy and brief therapies derived from it share several characteristics but also differ in a number of ways. Which of the following is not true about brief forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy?
Select one:
A. In brief psychotherapy, past experiences are important to the degree that they contribute to the client’s current conflicts.
B. Brief therapy targets specific therapeutic goals, which are identified during the first few sessions.
C. In order to solve a client’s problems rapidly, brief therapy makes use of the “transference cure” rather than fostering the client’s insight into his or her problems.
D. Brief therapy can be described as a problem-solving process in which the therapist helps the client use his or her own resources to resolve current difficulties.

Answer 29

Correct Answer is: C
This is the opposite of what is true. In brief forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy, client insight is desirable, although it is limited to those areas that are identified as the targets of therapy.

Question 30

Brief dynamic therapy is least likely to involve
Select one:
A. a focus on specific problems.
B. an emphasis on restoring the person to a previous level of normal functioning.
C. an attempt to engender insight into the unconscious.
D. the use of techniques such as free association and dream interpretation.

Answer 30

Correct Answer is: B
An emphasis on restoring the person to a previous level of normal functioning sounds more like the goal of crisis intervention than that of brief psychotherapy. Brief dynamic therapy is focused on specific symptoms; whereas, the goal of long-term psychodynamic therapy is usually global personality change. These symptoms are usually viewed as pathological; in other words, the emphasis is on altering the normal level of functioning rather than returning the person to it. Two of the responses (“an attempt to engender insight into the unconscious” and “the use of techniques such as free association and dream interpretation”) describe possible aspects of brief dynamic therapy. Techniques of long-term dynamic therapy, such as free association and dream interpretation, may be used. In addition, there may be an attempt to engender insight into the unconscious, but (unlike as in long-term therapy) the patient is left to assimilate this insight on his or her own.

Question 31

When scores on the MMPI scales 1 and 3 are higher than on scale 2, this pattern is referred to as a:
Select one:
A. defensive profile
B. passive-aggressive V
C. conversion V
D. psychotic V

Answer 31

Correct Answer is: C
A conversion V pattern on the MMPI-2 occurs when the scale 2 (depression) score is significantly lower than scores on scales 1 (hypochondriasis) and 3 (hysteria). This pattern is characteristic of individuals with a tendency to somaticize psychological problems, have chronic pain with an organic etiology, have conversion disorder or other somatoform disorder.
In the defensive profile pattern, the F scale score is significantly lower than scores on the L and K scales and indicates an attempt to present in a favorable light. In the psychotic V, or paranoid valley, pattern, the scale 7 score is significantly lower than scores on scales 6 and 8. In the passive-aggressive V pattern, the scale 5 score is significantly lower than scores on scales 4 and 6.

Question 32

Which of the following statements best describes the role of countertransference in the process of psychoanalytic therapy, according to current psychoanalytic thought?
Select one:
A. When present, countertransference is invariably detrimental to the therapy process.
B. Countertransference helps the therapist identify his or her own unresolved issues and become a better clinician as a result.
C. Countertransference can help the therapist identify subtle aspects of the transference and better understand the patient’s experience.
D. Countertransference allows the therapist to show the patient that he or she is human after all

Answer 32

Correct Answer is: C
Countertransference refers to the therapist’s transference responses to the patient. According to current psychoanalytic thought, a therapist’s analysis of his or her own countertransference reactions can help the therapist recognize subtle aspects of the transference relationship and better understand the patient’s experience.

Question 33

A person's negative attitudes toward an individual because of his or her sexual orientation is referred to by Gregory Herek (2000) as:
Select one:
A. sexual prejudice
B. homophobia
C. homosexism
D. gay inequality

Answer 33

Correct Answer is: A
Gregory Herek, an authority on prejudice against lesbians and gay men, suggests the use of the term “sexual prejudice” to refer to all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Herek suggests that “sexual prejudice” is a more appropriate term than “homophobia” - which refers to heterosexuals’ dread of being in close quarters with homosexuals and homosexuals’ self-loathing.

Question 34

All of the following statements are consistent with Minuchin’s concept of enmeshed or disengaged families, except:
Select one:
A. in an enmeshed family, parents may devote an excessive amount of attention to one symptomatic family member who serves as the “symptom bearer” for the entire family.
B. enmeshed parents tend to be loving and considerate and do a lot for their children.
C. in a disengaged family, excessive conflict prevents effective communication.
D. in a disengaged family, parents may not notice when their children need support or guidance.

Answer 34

Feedback
Correct Answer is: C
According to Minuchin, boundaries in a family system can be described as enmeshed or disengaged; the two terms represent opposite ends of a continuum. Enmeshed boundaries are overly diffuse; the result is a family in which members are overly close and dependent. Disengagement describes boundaries that are overly rigid; members of a disengaged family tend to be isolated from each other.
in a disengaged family, excessive conflict prevents effective communication.

Contrary to this choice, members of disengaged families tend to avoid conflict. The other choices are true of enmeshed or disengaged families.

Question 35

Client-therapist matching of ethnicity is a good predictor of
Select one:
A. treatment length.
B. treatment outcome.
C. both treatment length and outcome.
D. neither treatment length nor outcome.

Answer 35

Correct Answer is: A
While the findings are not entirely clear, overall there is a greater impact on premature termination rather than outcome, due to ethnic matching. It also seems that some groups are more likely to benefit than others. When there are benefits, they are usually related more to dropout rates than to treatment effectiveness.

Question 36

On which of the following dimensions does object relations psychotherapy differ most distinctly from traditional psychoanalytic therapy?
Select one:
A. interpretation of transference and resistance
B. focus on maladaptive cognitions
C. focus on authenticity of the patient’s mode of being-in-the-world
D. emotional neutrality or non-neutrality of the therapist

Answer 36

Correct Answer is: D
There are different forms of object-relations therapy, but they tend to focus on the patient’s modes of relating to others, including issues such as intimacy, control, autonomy and trust. The patient’s object relations manifest in his or her interactions with the therapist, and the therapist strives to provide a safe caring environment in which the patient can resolve the pathological qualities of the transference relationship and by extension, other relationships (in some forms of object relations therapy, this is referred to as “re-parenting”). Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy, the therapist does not adopt a passive or neutral stance. The answer choice (“interpretation of transference and resistance”) might have seemed liked a good answer, because in object relations therapy, interpretations do not play a curative role to the extent they do in traditional psychoanalytic therapy. However, they are a part of the therapeutic process in many forms of object relations therapy and therefore do not distinguish the two forms of therapy as well as emotional stance of the therapist. The other two choices have little to do with either traditional psychoanalytic therapy or objects relations therapy.

Question 37

From the perspective of psychoanalytic theory, mania represents:
Select one:
A. a biological illness that psychoanalysis can do nothing about.
B. acting-out of libidinous impulses.
C. a regression to an infantile state.
D. a defense against depression.

Answer 37

Correct Answer is: D
According to classical psychoanalytic theory, mania occurs as a defense against depression, due to an inability of the person to tolerate or admit to being depressed.