Ruminants 5

Question 1

What umbilical disorders can we see?

Answer 1

Question 2

Describe omphalitis ?

Answer 2

• Omphalitis is the infection of the umbilical stump
• Associated with poor hygiene and poor umbilical
• care of the neonate
• Prevent with iodine at birth

Question 3

Secondary abscess?

Answer 3

• Umbilical abscess secondary to omphalitis
• Walled off infection persists in the umbilical stump

Question 4

Signs of abscess?

Answer 4

• Firm, hot, painful NON-REDUCIBLE mass
• Pyrexia and systemic illness
• Draining sinus tract/purulent discharge
• Hyperechoic pus on u/s

Question 5

Tx of umbilical abscess?

Answer 5

Minor surgical procedure - drain and flush through a ventral incision

Question 6

What can we have concurrently with omphalitis +/- abscess?

Answer 6

May be concurrent with
umbilical hernia

Question 7

Umbilical abscess drainage APPROACH

Answer 7

Question 8

Umbilical abscess drainage ABS?

Answer 8

Question 9

Pg umbilical abscess drainage?

Answer 9

good for non-complicated abscess

Question 10

What can hernia be?

Answer 10

• Omentum
• Abomasal fundus
• Intestines? Short mesentery so less moveable

Question 11

Why do we get umbilical hernias ?

Answer 11

• Failure of the normal development and closure of umbilicus

Question 12

Hernia size gauge?

Answer 12

Hernias >2cm (2 fingers) are unlikely to repair naturally

Question 13

Pre-op considerations ? umbilical hernia

Answer 13

• Small defects unlikely to become strangulating and can
• resolve themselves
• Large defects require surgical treatment
• Leaving/fattening the patient may result in entrapment and
  strangulation
• Anaesthesia
• High dose caudal epidural- preferred as immobilises back legs
• GA?

Question 14

What important consideration for umbilical hernia

Answer 14

No rumen pressure on ventral abdomen
V’s
Old enough for good fibrous ring for suture holding

Question 15

Umbilical hernia repair?

Answer 15

Question 16

Umbilical hernia repair steps 6-9?

Answer 16

6. Tie off each suture
7. Oversew everted abdominal wall margin in a simple continuous pattern
8. Routine closure of SC tissues and skin
9. Secure a stent over the incision to provide protection for the first 24-72 hours

Question 17

Complications and after care? hernia repair

Answer 17

In surgery complication
* Intestines adhered to body wall
Infection
* Wound dehiscence
Haemorrhage
Failure of sutures
* Re-herniation
Immediate post-operative complications
* Hypothermia
* Poor recovery
* Recovery injuries
Clean bedding
Close monitoring

Question 18

Describe Umbilical remnant disorders?

Answer 18

• Urachal abscess
• Infection/abscessation of umbilical vein/arteries
• May require en-bloc resection
• I.e removal of the tissue and surrounding
  capsule

Question 19

Similar hernia surgery?

Answer 19

• Pre-operative considerations similar
• Antibiotic choice?
• Extreme care not to puncture the abscess
• Incise cranially in urachal or umbilical
  abscesses
• Incise caudally in umbilical vein
  abscessation

Question 20

Patent urachus?

Answer 20

ligate

Question 21

Umbilical disorders?

Answer 21

• Is the umbilical mass non-painful, reducible, soft?
• Is the mass firm, hot, painful?
• Is there purulent discharge?
• Is the animal systemically unwell
• Any intra-abdominal extension of umbilical mass on
  palpation

Question 22

What is atresia ani/recti?

Answer 22

• Failure of the anal opening
• Congenital abnormality
• Surgical repair required

Question 23

Signs of Atresia ani/recti?

Answer 23

Anorexia,
Dullness
Abdominal distension
Discomfort
Straining
No anus
No faeces

Question 24

Atresia ani * Pre-operative considerations

Answer 24

• Case selection- cost implications?
• Anaesthesia- epidural
• Analgesia- Meloxicam?
• Antibiotics- dirty procedure

Question 25

Disbudding vs dehorning? why?

Answer 25

Disbudding strongly preffered

Question 26

Optimal time to disbud?

Answer 26

- 1-2 weeks of age (horn buds palpable) - Alternatively at castration (4-6 weeks) but double stress

Question 27

Some beeds (strains)polled?

Answer 27

hereford, aberdeen angus

Question 28

What thermal cautery for disbudding/dehorning?

Answer 28

Question 29

Chemical cautery - when?

Answer 29

48H-7 days Caustic compounds

Question 30

What is an act of veterinary surgery?

Answer 30

- Dehorning at >2m of age - Disbudding /dehorning of goats at any age

Question 31

Analgesia disbudding/honring calves?

Answer 31

- Cornual nerve block + NSAID - Allow 5-10m time to work - Test with large gauge needle

Question 32

Analgesia goat kids?

Answer 32

- GA + NSAID - /._ cornual nerve block

Question 33

Analgesia in older cattle dehonring?

Answer 33

Cornual + accessory nerve block + NSAID

Question 34

Dehonring block anatomy?

Answer 34

Question 35

Complications and after care disbudding/honring

Answer 35

- Inadequate anaesthesia - Haemorrhage - Infection:dehisence or sinusitis - Fly strike - Regrowth

Question 36

Goat Disbudding pre-op considerations

Answer 36

* Invasive procedure with high risk of complications * Age! Horn growth and attachment to frontal bones (under 10 days old) * Analgesia NSAID (not licenced) * Antibiotics Not required

Question 37

Anaesthesia for goat disbudding?

Answer 37

* Anaesthesia Goats sensitive to local anaesthetic Toxic dose 5-6mg/ml (0.4-0.5ml Adrenacaine in 4kg goat kid) * GA required

Question 38

Is goat disbudding a veterinary procedure?

Answer 38

YES Veterinary only

Question 39

T/D goat disbudding very differet to cattle disbudding?

Answer 39

True -> increasingly required skill

Question 40

How to do goat disbudding?

Answer 40

Question 41

Goat disbudding complications?

Answer 41

* High risk * Anaesthetic risks * Ineffective anaesthesia * Hypothermia * Brain damage * REGROWTH * More common than in cattle * Infection * Fly stirke

Question 42

other surgical congenital conditions?

Answer 42

- Spastic paresis - Flexural deformities (contracted tendons)