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VMS 4001 > NTCA Anaesthesia > Flashcards

NTCA Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What issues with small size NTCAs

A
  • Airway obstruction
  • Compression of thorax/ abdomen
  • Vascular access
  • ET intubation
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2
Q

What is the impact of High metabolic rates of small NTCAs?

A
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Rapid drug metabolism
  • High fluid rq
  • High O2 demand
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3
Q

How can we mitigate this high metabolic rate?

A
  • Minimise fasting
  • Species-specific drug doses
  • Ensure rapid recovery and return to eating
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4
Q

What is another common issue in small NTCAs?

A

a HIGH Surface Area:Volume Ratio

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5
Q

What impact of high surface area: volume ratio

A
  • Hypothermia!! -> monitor temp & ensure patient warming
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6
Q

Signs of Pain in rabbits & rodents?

A

Teeth grinding, changes of posture or gait, dec activity & bhvr ; appetite and weight changes

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7
Q

What is involved in grimace scale for pain scoring?

A
  • Orbital tightening
  • Cheek flattening
  • Nostril shape
  • Whisker change & position
  • Ear shape & position
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8
Q

What can stress cause?

A

Arrhythmia & prolonged recovery

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9
Q

Rabbits - what underlying diseases?

A
  • Malnutrition from dental disease -> stabilise before GA
  • Resp dx (e.g. Pasteurellosis)
  • Obesity
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10
Q

REsp dx in rabbits after anaesthesia ?

A
  • Hypoxaemia & precipitation of resp dx
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11
Q

Rabbit URTO - anatomy factors?

A
  • Long narrow mouth
  • Large tongue base
  • Long soft palate
  • Flashy thick tongue
  • Prone to laryngospasm

obligate nasal breathers

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12
Q

Ileus in Rabbits - predisp factors?

A
  • Pain
  • Stress
  • Starvation
  • Change in diet
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13
Q

Prevention & tx of Ileus in rabbits?

A
  • Feed ASAP after recovery
  • Admin of prokinetics
  • Continue analgesia
  • Small rolled up towel under thorax during sx
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14
Q

Premed techniques for Rabbits?

A
  • Bup 30ug/kg
  • Fentanyl/ Fluanisone 0.1 mg/kg
  • Pethidine 10 mg/kg

(from old lecture)

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15
Q

What sites for vascular access in rabbit?
Cannula size?

A
  • Marginal ear vein
  • Cephalic vein
  • Intraosseous

22-24G (blue or yellow)

Tip: use EMLA cream 30 mins prior

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16
Q

What are the intraoseous sites?

A
  1. Proximal humerus
  2. Tibial crest
  3. Proximal femur
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17
Q

What is the maintenance fluid rate in rabbits?

A

100ml/kg/day (6ml/kg/hr)

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18
Q

What are the 4 options for Induction in rabbits?

A
  • Propofol to effect
  • Alfax to effect
  • Ketamine/ midazolam
  • MAsk induction (after premed)
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19
Q

Detail inhalant induction?

A

Iso or sevo to effect

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20
Q

ET intubation techniques?

A
  • Visual, sound guided, blind
    OR
  • V-gel, Laryngeal Mask airway
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21
Q

Describe V gel intubation

A
  • Easy to insert & maintain ; fast
  • different sizes
  • Water-based lube before use
    < mucosal damage compare to ET tube
  • Bulkier
22
Q

Rabbit considerations?

A
  • Atropine ineffective in 50% of rabbits due to presence of atropin esterase -> atropine degradation into inactive products
  • Glycopyrrolate admin ??
23
Q

Describe monitoring for rabbit ?

A
  • Ocular position: unreliable
  • Pedal withdrawl/ toe pinch
  • Ear pinch/flick
  • Jaw tone?
  • Muscle relaxation
  • righting reflex
  • Change in parameters
24
Q

Describe pulse oximetry in rabbits

A
  • Pulse oximeter -> good but with high HR may not be as good ( use vet specific equipment)
  • Reliable at >85%
  • Move clip frequently
25
Q

HR monitoring in rabbits?

A
  • Oesophageal stethoscope
  • Doppler
  • ECG (high HR)
  • HR awake : 180-325bpm
26
Q

Detail BP monitoring in rabbits?

A
  • 90-120/130mmHg (systolic
  • 80-90mmHg (MAP)
  • Doppler or Oscillometry
  • Invasive BP
27
Q

What is a normal temp in rabbits?

A

38-39.6°C

28
Q

What analgesia for rabbits?

A
  • Opioids (meth/bup)
  • NSAIDS (meloxicam & carprofen)
  • Local, epidural & local blocks
  • Doses of bupivacaine <2mg/kg & lidocaine <4mg/kg
29
Q

Recovery - Rabbits

A
  • Warm, calm
  • Reverse drugs if poss
  • Prevent ileus -> offer food ASAP, prokinetics, syringe feeding
  • Minimise stress ->discharge asap
30
Q

Give an overview of Rodent Anaesthesia table

A
31
Q

Conditions to consider in ferrets

A
  • Cardiomyopathies
  • Hyperadrenocorticism
  • Insulinomas
  • Lymphomas
32
Q

Other considerations in Ferrets?

A
  • Short gastric time
  • hypoglycaemia
  • Fasting (2-4h)
33
Q

Describe vascular access in ferrets.

A
  • Thick skin
  • cephalic, lateral saphenous, jugular veins
  • Sometimes light sedation needed
  • IO catheter
34
Q

Recap the normal physiologic values in ferrets

A
35
Q

PREMED - FERRET?

A
  • OPIOID
  • DEX/MED
  • Miazolam
  • KEtamine
36
Q

Induction for ferrets?

A
  • Propofol/alfax to effect
  • Ketamine / midazolam
37
Q

Descirbe intubation in ferrets?

A
  • easy visualisation
  • Laryngospasm might occur
  • ET tube 2-3.5 mm
38
Q

Describe monitoring anaesthesia in ferrets

A
  • Eye position central @ adequate plane
  • Palpebral reflex absent if deep
  • Jaw/ masseter tone
  • ANS response to surgical stimulation
39
Q

Describe Ferret Fluid therapy

A

IV preferred, SC/IP often used
Hartmans
10ml/kg /hr

40
Q

What Adjuncts can be used in multimodal anaesthesia in ferrets?

A
  • Ketamine
  • Gabapentin? Case report only
41
Q

Reptiles - SPecial why?

A
  • 2 atria 1 ventricle
  • Insp/Expiration ative
  • Episodic respiratory pattern
  • No diaphragm
  • Ectothermic
  • Renal portal system
  • Glottis at base of the tongue
  • Respiratory control by PaCO2 and PaO2
42
Q

NSAID REPTILES?

A

Avoid if GI dx , kidney dx, dehydration, hypovolor Steroid admin

Carprofen, meloxicam, ketoprofen

43
Q

OPIOID REPTILES?

A

Bup, Pethidine, methadone
Butorphanol

44
Q

Detail anatomy / physiology in birds and their effect on anaesthesia

A
45
Q

Bird - upper airway ?

A
  • Glottis at base of tongue
  • Trachea (long and wide, complete rings, +/_ septum or division)
46
Q

Bird - lower airway?

A

Lung - fixed volume
- Unidirectional airflow
Air Sacs

47
Q

Describe fasting in birds

A

HIGH metabolci rate + rapid GIT transit time + poor hepatic glycogen storage

Dec regurg & GIT volume -> facilitate respiration BUT hypoglycaemia

48
Q

Detail fasting times for different size birds?
WHY?

A
  • Small (1-2hrs)
  • Medium (2-4hrs)
  • Large (6-9h)
  • Raptors (8-12hrs)
49
Q

T/F - KAppa receptors more prominent in birds?

A

TRUE - butorphanol may have more analagesic role

50
Q

Adjuncts in birds?

A
  • Gabapentin?
  • Amantidine :)
  • Cannibinoids
51
Q
A

VMS 4001 (4 decks)

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