NTCA Anaesthesia Flashcards
What issues with small size NTCAs
- Airway obstruction
- Compression of thorax/ abdomen
- Vascular access
- ET intubation
What is the impact of High metabolic rates of small NTCAs?
- Hypoglycaemia
- Rapid drug metabolism
- High fluid rq
- High O2 demand
How can we mitigate this high metabolic rate?
- Minimise fasting
- Species-specific drug doses
- Ensure rapid recovery and return to eating
What is another common issue in small NTCAs?
a HIGH Surface Area:Volume Ratio
What impact of high surface area: volume ratio
- Hypothermia!! -> monitor temp & ensure patient warming
Signs of Pain in rabbits & rodents?
Teeth grinding, changes of posture or gait, dec activity & bhvr ; appetite and weight changes
What is involved in grimace scale for pain scoring?
- Orbital tightening
- Cheek flattening
- Nostril shape
- Whisker change & position
- Ear shape & position
What can stress cause?
Arrhythmia & prolonged recovery
Rabbits - what underlying diseases?
- Malnutrition from dental disease -> stabilise before GA
- Resp dx (e.g. Pasteurellosis)
- Obesity
REsp dx in rabbits after anaesthesia ?
- Hypoxaemia & precipitation of resp dx
Rabbit URT - anatomy factors?
- Long narrow mouth
- Large tongue base
- Long soft palate
- Fleshy thick tongue
- Prone to laryngospasm
obligate nasal breathers
Ileus in Rabbits - predisp factors?
- Pain
- Stress
- Starvation
- Change in diet
Prevention & tx of Ileus in rabbits?
- Feed ASAP after recovery
- Admin of prokinetics
- Continue analgesia
- Small rolled up towel under thorax during sx
Premed techniques for Rabbits?
- Bup 30ug/kg
- Fentanyl/ Fluanisone 0.1 mg/kg
- Pethidine 10 mg/kg
(from old lecture)
What sites for vascular access in rabbit?
Cannula size?
- Marginal ear vein
- Cephalic vein
- Intraosseous
22-24G (blue or yellow)
Tip: use EMLA cream 30 mins prior
What are the intraoseous sites?
- Proximal humerus
- Tibial crest
- Proximal femur
What is the maintenance fluid rate in rabbits?
100ml/kg/day (6ml/kg/hr)
What are the 4 options for Induction in rabbits?
- Propofol to effect
- Alfax to effect
- Ketamine/ midazolam
- MAsk induction (after premed)
Detail inhalant induction?
Iso or sevo to effect
ET intubation techniques?
- Visual, sound guided, blind
OR - V-gel, Laryngeal Mask airway
Describe V gel intubation
- Easy to insert & maintain ; fast
- different sizes
- Water-based lube before use
< mucosal damage compare to ET tube - Bulkier
Rabbit considerations?
- Atropine ineffective in 50% of rabbits due to presence of atropin esterase -> atropine degradation into inactive products
- Glycopyrrolate admin ??
Describe monitoring for rabbit ?
- Ocular position: unreliable
- Pedal withdrawl/ toe pinch
- Ear pinch/flick
- Jaw tone?
- Muscle relaxation
- righting reflex
- Change in parameters
Describe pulse oximetry in rabbits
- Pulse oximeter -> good but with high HR may not be as good ( use vet specific equipment)
- Reliable at >85%
- Move clip frequently
HR monitoring in rabbits?
- Oesophageal stethoscope
- Doppler
- ECG (high HR)
- HR awake : 180-325bpm
Detail BP monitoring in rabbits?
- 90-120/130mmHg (systolic
- 80-90mmHg (MAP)
- Doppler or Oscillometry
- Invasive BP
What is a normal temp in rabbits?
38-39.6°C
What analgesia for rabbits?
- Opioids (meth/bup)
- NSAIDS (meloxicam & carprofen)
- Local, epidural & local blocks
- Doses of bupivacaine <2mg/kg & lidocaine <4mg/kg
Recovery - Rabbits
- Warm, calm
- Reverse drugs if poss
- Prevent ileus -> offer food ASAP, prokinetics, syringe feeding
- Minimise stress ->discharge asap
Give an overview of Rodent Anaesthesia table
Conditions to consider in ferrets
- Cardiomyopathies
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Insulinomas
- Lymphomas
Other considerations in Ferrets?
- Short gastric time
- hypoglycaemia
- Fasting (2-4h)
Describe vascular access in ferrets.
- Thick skin
- cephalic, lateral saphenous, jugular veins
- Sometimes light sedation needed
- IO catheter
Recap the normal physiologic values in ferrets
PREMED - FERRET?
- OPIOID
- DEX/MED
- Miazolam
- KEtamine
Induction for ferrets?
- Propofol/alfax to effect
- Ketamine / midazolam
Descirbe intubation in ferrets?
- easy visualisation
- Laryngospasm might occur
- ET tube 2-3.5 mm
Describe monitoring anaesthesia in ferrets
- Eye position central @ adequate plane
- Palpebral reflex absent if deep
- Jaw/ masseter tone
- ANS response to surgical stimulation
Describe Ferret Fluid therapy
IV preferred, SC/IP often used
Hartmans
10ml/kg /hr
What Adjuncts can be used in multimodal anaesthesia in ferrets?
- Ketamine
- Gabapentin? Case report only
Reptiles - SPecial why?
- 2 atria 1 ventricle
- Insp/Expiration ative
- Episodic respiratory pattern
- No diaphragm
- Ectothermic
- Renal portal system
- Glottis at base of the tongue
- Respiratory control by PaCO2 and PaO2
NSAID REPTILES?
Avoid if GI dx , kidney dx, dehydration, hypovolor Steroid admin
Carprofen, meloxicam, ketoprofen
OPIOID REPTILES?
Bup, Pethidine, methadone
Butorphanol
Detail anatomy / physiology in birds and their effect on anaesthesia
Bird - upper airway ?
- Glottis at base of tongue
- Trachea (long and wide, complete rings, +/_ septum or division)
Bird - lower airway?
Lung - fixed volume
- Unidirectional airflow
Air Sacs
Describe fasting in birds
HIGH metabolci rate + rapid GIT transit time + poor hepatic glycogen storage
Dec regurg & GIT volume -> facilitate respiration BUT hypoglycaemia
Detail fasting times for different size birds?
WHY?
- Small (1-2hrs)
- Medium (2-4hrs)
- Large (6-9h)
- Raptors (8-12hrs)
T/F - KAppa receptors more prominent in birds?
TRUE - butorphanol may have more analagesic role
Adjuncts in birds?
- Gabapentin?
- Amantidine :)
- Cannibinoids
