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VMS 4001 > NTCA Anaesthesia > Flashcards

NTCA Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What issues with small size NTCAs

A
  • Airway obstruction
  • Compression of thorax/ abdomen
  • Vascular access
  • ET intubation
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2
Q

What is the impact of High metabolic rates of small NTCAs?

A
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Rapid drug metabolism
  • High fluid rq
  • High O2 demand
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3
Q

How can we mitigate this high metabolic rate?

A
  • Minimise fasting
  • Species-specific drug doses
  • Ensure rapid recovery and return to eating
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4
Q

What is another common issue in small NTCAs?

A

a HIGH Surface Area:Volume Ratio

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5
Q

What impact of high surface area: volume ratio

A
  • Hypothermia!! -> monitor temp & ensure patient warming
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6
Q

Signs of Pain in rabbits & rodents?

A

Teeth grinding, changes of posture or gait, dec activity & bhvr ; appetite and weight changes

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7
Q

What is involved in grimace scale for pain scoring?

A
  • Orbital tightening
  • Cheek flattening
  • Nostril shape
  • Whisker change & position
  • Ear shape & position
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8
Q

What can stress cause?

A

Arrhythmia & prolonged recovery

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9
Q

Rabbits - what underlying diseases?

A
  • Malnutrition from dental disease -> stabilise before GA
  • Resp dx (e.g. Pasteurellosis)
  • Obesity
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10
Q

REsp dx in rabbits after anaesthesia ?

A
  • Hypoxaemia & precipitation of resp dx
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11
Q

Rabbit URT - anatomy factors?

A
  • Long narrow mouth
  • Large tongue base
  • Long soft palate
  • Fleshy thick tongue
  • Prone to laryngospasm

obligate nasal breathers

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12
Q

Ileus in Rabbits - predisp factors?

A
  • Pain
  • Stress
  • Starvation
  • Change in diet
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13
Q

Prevention & tx of Ileus in rabbits?

A
  • Feed ASAP after recovery
  • Admin of prokinetics
  • Continue analgesia
  • Small rolled up towel under thorax during sx
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14
Q

Premed techniques for Rabbits?

A
  • Bup 30ug/kg
  • Fentanyl/ Fluanisone 0.1 mg/kg
  • Pethidine 10 mg/kg

(from old lecture)

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15
Q

What sites for vascular access in rabbit?
Cannula size?

A
  • Marginal ear vein
  • Cephalic vein
  • Intraosseous

22-24G (blue or yellow)

Tip: use EMLA cream 30 mins prior

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16
Q

What are the intraoseous sites?

A
  1. Proximal humerus
  2. Tibial crest
  3. Proximal femur
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17
Q

What is the maintenance fluid rate in rabbits?

A

100ml/kg/day (6ml/kg/hr)

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18
Q

What are the 4 options for Induction in rabbits?

A
  • Propofol to effect
  • Alfax to effect
  • Ketamine/ midazolam
  • MAsk induction (after premed)
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19
Q

Detail inhalant induction?

A

Iso or sevo to effect

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20
Q

ET intubation techniques?

A
  • Visual, sound guided, blind
    OR
  • V-gel, Laryngeal Mask airway
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21
Q

Describe V gel intubation

A
  • Easy to insert & maintain ; fast
  • different sizes
  • Water-based lube before use
    < mucosal damage compare to ET tube
  • Bulkier
22
Q

Rabbit considerations?

A
  • Atropine ineffective in 50% of rabbits due to presence of atropin esterase -> atropine degradation into inactive products
  • Glycopyrrolate admin ??
23
Q

Describe monitoring for rabbit ?

A
  • Ocular position: unreliable
  • Pedal withdrawl/ toe pinch
  • Ear pinch/flick
  • Jaw tone?
  • Muscle relaxation
  • righting reflex
  • Change in parameters
24
Q

Describe pulse oximetry in rabbits

A
  • Pulse oximeter -> good but with high HR may not be as good ( use vet specific equipment)
  • Reliable at >85%
  • Move clip frequently
25
HR monitoring in rabbits?
- Oesophageal stethoscope - Doppler - ECG (high HR) - HR awake : 180-325bpm
26
Detail BP monitoring in rabbits?
- 90-120/130mmHg (systolic - 80-90mmHg (MAP) - Doppler or Oscillometry - Invasive BP
27
What is a normal temp in rabbits?
38-39.6°C
28
What analgesia for rabbits?
- Opioids (meth/bup) - NSAIDS (meloxicam & carprofen) - Local, epidural & local blocks - Doses of bupivacaine <2mg/kg & lidocaine <4mg/kg
29
Recovery - Rabbits
- Warm, calm - Reverse drugs if poss - Prevent ileus -> offer food ASAP, prokinetics, syringe feeding - Minimise stress ->discharge asap
30
Give an overview of Rodent Anaesthesia table
31
Conditions to consider in ferrets
- Cardiomyopathies - Hyperadrenocorticism - Insulinomas - Lymphomas
32
Other considerations in Ferrets?
- Short gastric time - hypoglycaemia - Fasting (2-4h)
33
Describe vascular access in ferrets.
- Thick skin - cephalic, lateral saphenous, jugular veins - Sometimes light sedation needed - IO catheter
34
Recap the normal physiologic values in ferrets
35
PREMED - FERRET?
- OPIOID - DEX/MED - Miazolam - KEtamine
36
Induction for ferrets?
- Propofol/alfax to effect - Ketamine / midazolam
37
Descirbe intubation in ferrets?
- easy visualisation - Laryngospasm might occur - ET tube 2-3.5 mm
38
Describe monitoring anaesthesia in ferrets
- Eye position central @ adequate plane - Palpebral reflex absent if deep - Jaw/ masseter tone - ANS response to surgical stimulation
39
Describe Ferret Fluid therapy
IV preferred, SC/IP often used Hartmans 10ml/kg /hr
40
What Adjuncts can be used in multimodal anaesthesia in ferrets?
- Ketamine - Gabapentin? Case report only
41
Reptiles - SPecial why?
- 2 atria 1 ventricle - Insp/Expiration ative - Episodic respiratory pattern - No diaphragm - Ectothermic - Renal portal system - Glottis at base of the tongue - Respiratory control by PaCO2 and PaO2
42
NSAID REPTILES?
Avoid if GI dx , kidney dx, dehydration, hypovolor Steroid admin Carprofen, meloxicam, ketoprofen
43
OPIOID REPTILES?
Bup, Pethidine, methadone Butorphanol
44
Detail anatomy / physiology in birds and their effect on anaesthesia
45
Bird - upper airway ?
- Glottis at base of tongue - Trachea (long and wide, complete rings, +/_ septum or division)
46
Bird - lower airway?
Lung - fixed volume - Unidirectional airflow Air Sacs
47
Describe fasting in birds
HIGH metabolci rate + rapid GIT transit time + poor hepatic glycogen storage Dec regurg & GIT volume -> facilitate respiration BUT hypoglycaemia
48
Detail fasting times for different size birds? WHY?
- Small (1-2hrs) - Medium (2-4hrs) - Large (6-9h) - Raptors (8-12hrs)
49
T/F - KAppa receptors more prominent in birds?
TRUE - butorphanol may have more analagesic role
50
Adjuncts in birds?
- Gabapentin? - Amantidine :) - Cannibinoids
51

VMS 4001 (24 decks)

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