Production Animal Sedation, Anaesthesia & Analgesia 2

Question 1

What sedation can we use ?

Answer 1

Question 2

Can we use atipamozole?

Answer 2

NOO

Question 3

Practical considerations of ruminants?

Answer 3

• Restraint and handling risks
• Ruminal tympany (bloat)
• Regurgitation of reticuloruminal contents
• Aspiration of regurgitated material leading to aspiration pneumonia
• Salivation
• Hypoventilation
• Hypotension

Question 4

Inhalation anaesthesia in ruminants?

Answer 4

• Isoflurane
• Intubate
• Bloat- Stomach tube
• Nitrous Oxide - avoid gets trapped in gas filled spacesrumen- make bloat worse
• In an emergency can decompress with large bore needle
  or trochar

Question 5

What injectable option in ruminants?

Answer 5

Ketamine

Question 6

Describe ketamine fro induction ?

Answer 6

• 2-2.5 mg/kg IV after sedation (xylazine + butorphanol
• Up to 5mg/Kg IV

Question 7

Describe ketamine for maintenance

Answer 7

Intermittent bolus of ketamine
1/3 of induction dose Q. 8 minutes LICENSED!

Continuous infusion options available
10ml Ketamine + 2.5ml xylazine into 500ml saline IV 2-3 drops/second
(1ml/kg/hr)

Question 8

what else can be used to maintain anaesthesia.?

Answer 8

isofluorane

Question 9

What yo use for LIGHt sedation in small ruminants?

Answer 9

• Xylazine - 0.05-0.1mg/kg IM or IV
  or
• Diazepam - 0.02 - 0.5mg/kg IV

Question 10

What to use for MOD/MARKED sedation in small ruminants

Answer 10

• Diazepam (0.2-0.5mg/kg) + Ketamine (2-5mg/kg) IV

Question 11

Injectable anaesthesia in small rumininants?

Answer 11

Induction
* 2-2.5mg/kg IV after sedation (xylazine +/- butorphanol)
* Up to 5mg/kg IV

Maintenance
* Intermittent bolus of ketamine
* 1/3 of induction bolus approx. every 8 mins
* Continuous infusion options available (adult cattle)

OFF-license - isofluorane maintenance

Question 12

What drugs in ‘standing stun’

Answer 12

Question 13

What drugs in “Recumbent Stun”?

Answer 13

Question 14

What does “standing stun” and “recumbent stun” give you?

Answer 14

sub-anaesthetic chemical restraint
duration of action: 15 mins

Question 15

Cattle - light sedation?

Answer 15

Alpha 2 agonist
* Xylazine - 0.05-0.3mg/kg IM OR 0.03-0.1mg/kg IV
* Detomidine – 10-40µg/kg IM or IV
LICENSED

Question 16

MOD/MARKED sedation - Cattle?

Answer 16

• Xylzaine + ketamine + butorphanol
  OFF LICENSE

Question 17

Xylazine important datasheet facts?

Answer 17

Xylazine induces strong cardiovascular effects e.g. bradycardia and increased blood pressure.

Indications for use > Sedative with some analgesic and muscle relaxant properties

Question 18

Cattle special warnings for xylazine ?

Answer 18

Tympany should be prevented in recumbent cattle by sternal recumbency

Operations in lateral or dorsal recumbency, lower head and neck to prevent inhalation of ruminal contents..

Maintain recumbent and drowsy animals in the shade. In case of accidental overdosage leading to respiratory failure,
cold water douches and artificial respiration are indicated.

After dose levels 3 and 4 cattle are likely to remain drowsy for several hours and should be kept in the shade.

Question 19

WHAT special precautions for any use o xylazine ?

Answer 19

Caution is required when pulmonary disease is present.

When high doses are to be employed the animal should be fasted for some hours
beforehand.

It must be noted that the swallowing reflex is reduced during the period when the action of the drug is at its peak

Question 20

How is Xylazine given ?

Answer 20

y intramuscular injection.

Question 21

Dose 1-4 of Xylazine?

Answer 21

Dose 1 Sedation with a slight decrease of muscle tone. The ability to stand is
maintained.

Dose 2 Sedation, marked decrease of muscle tone and some analgesia. The animal usually remains standing,but may lie down.

Dose 3 Deep sedation, further decrease of muscle tone and a degree of analgesia.
The animal lies down.

Dose 4 Very deep sedation, a profound decrease in muscle tone and a degree of
analgesia. The animal lies down.

Question 22

Protocol once xylazine given?

Answer 22

Animals should not be disturbed until the drug has taken its full effect.
The first effects are usually seen within 5 minutes of injection and the maximum effect is produced 10 minutes later.

There is no struggling or excitement during induction or recovery.

If the required depth of sedation is not achieved, it is unlikely that repetition of the dose will prove more effective. It is advisable to allow complete recovery, repeating the procedure with a higher dose after 24 hours.

When any surgical treatment is carried out using xylazine, additional local anaesthesia should be employed.

Question 23

uses of xylazine in pregnancy/ lactation?

Answer 23

Do not use in the latter stages of pregnancy except at parturition.

As the safety of xylazine use during organogenesis has not been fully demonstrated by current methods it should be used with caution during the first month of pregnancy.

Question 24

What systemic NSAIDs can we use?

Answer 24

Carprofen,
Meloxicam
Flunixen
Ketoprofen
Tolfenamic

Question 25

Practical considerations of anaesthesia in camelids?

Answer 25

• Jugular access
  C5/C6 – cannot readily palpate
• Regurgitation/salivation/bloat
• Obligate nasal breathers
• Occular protection
• Stress induced gastric ulceration C3
  Gut protection from ulceration
  Avoid isolation - pair

Question 26

What general surgical considerations in camelids?

Answer 26

Question 27

What ANS response to surgical stim in camelids?

Answer 27

Question 28

Inhalational anaesthesia in camelids?

Answer 28

Neck support
Raised head to prevent regurgitation
Mat – to minimise risk of radial nerve paralysis

Question 29

injectables in camelids?

Answer 29

Injectable anaesthesia: Ketamine (2-5mg/kg) + Diazepam ( 0.05-0.2mg/kg) IV following Xylazine (0.3-
0.4mg/kg) IM premed

Question 30

Multimodal analgesia in camelids?

Answer 30