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VMS 4001 > Avian and ferret surgery > Flashcards

Avian and ferret surgery Flashcards

1
Q

T/F - ferrets are omnivores

A

False -> obligate carnivores

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2
Q

Weight over season fo ferrets?

A

Variation over seasons ->
- Hob (male) and Jill(female) will lay down fat stores over winter
- Jills may lose weight in Spring
- Mals may ‘bulk up’ -> gain muscle , lose fat due to testosterone inc in Spring

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3
Q

Can ferrets vomit?

A

YES -> should be starved

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4
Q

GI transit time ferret?

A

3-4h

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5
Q

Describe GI of ferret ?

A
  • Simple stomach, very short SI & LI - No caecum
  • Don’t starve as long as D & C due to risk of inducing hypoglycaemia (max 4 hrs) -> in geriatric ferrets subclin insulinoma is not uncommon
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6
Q

Ferrets reprod management?

A
  • Unique -> female must be taken out of season
  • If surgically neutered -> may predip to adrenal dx
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7
Q

Tip for ferret ventilation?

A

extend and straighten head and nec, body positioned to minimise abd conents impinging on diaphragm (place a folded cloth under thorax to elevate chest)

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8
Q

What normal TPR values of Ferret ?

A

T = 37.8-40°C
P=200-400 bpm
R= 22-26 bpm

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9
Q

How an we assess pain (other than grimace scale?

A

ORBITAL TIGHETNING - high sensitivity and specificity for detection of pain

  • +Bhvr changes
  • Inc depth & frequency of breaths
  • Bruxism and/ or hypersalivation
  • change of gait
  • Arching back
  • Vocalisation when touched
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10
Q

Maintenance fluids for ferret?

A

60-100ml/kg/d

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11
Q

Where to place IV in ferret?

A

Cephalic / lateral saphenous vein -> application of topical local anaesthetic
Intraosseous -> proximal femur

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12
Q

Detail intubation of ferrets

A

Prevent laryngospasm with spray (liek cats)
Tie ET tube over the nose

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13
Q

T/F ferrets maintain some jaw tone even under good anaesthesia ?

A

True

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14
Q

What are ferrets prone to in anaesthesia ?

A

Hypothermia - bear hugger, plastic drape etc…

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15
Q

What is a sign of recovery?

A

Shivering thermogenesis

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16
Q

How to recover ferret?

A
  • Maintain body temp
  • Analgesia
  • Fluids & nutrition (food as soon as awake)
  • Therapeutic laser
  • Phovia
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17
Q

What mass excisions do we tend to see?

A
  • Mast cell tumours not uncomon -> benign in ferrets
  • Excisional surgery - absorbable monoF suture
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18
Q

What skin surgery do we see in ferret?

A
  • Lump removal -> Neoplastic/ cyst
  • Abscess
  • wound management
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19
Q

Describe reprod/ breeding in Jills

A
  • Jills reach sexual maturity in first spring after bith at 8-12 months
  • Occasionally see signs of oestrust in first AUTUMN if females born early in season
  • Seasonal breeders March-September
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20
Q

What is Pro-oestrus inicated by?

A

Vulva size - lasts 2-3 weeks

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21
Q

When do hobs reach sexual maturity?

A

9 months

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22
Q

Describe disease prevention in ferret reprod management

A
  • Induced ovulators - will remain in oesturs until mated & chemically brought out of oestrus OR day shortens
  • Prolonged oestrus = higher risk of hyperoestrogenism
  • Development of pancytopaenia due to bone marrow suppression
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23
Q

What lifestyle aspect of reprod management for owners?

A
  • Reduction in smell in neutered females (may inc risk of adrenal dx).
  • Inc testosterone results in inc activity of sebaceous glands
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24
Q

Ferrets - options

A
  • Natural mating (vasectomised / teaser male)
  • Delvosteron injection (jill jab) -> NOW NOT AVAILABLE
  • Hormonal implant (Deslorelin)
  • Surgical neutering (not preferable)
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25
Q

Signs of persistent oestrus? (after stabilizing & inducing ovulaiton)

A
  • Pancytopaenia, subcut & mucosal petechiae, ecchymoses, swolen vulva, pale MMs, abd distention
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26
Q

What uterine dx might make us SPAY ferret?

A

Pyometra, mucometra, hydrometra

Neoplasia

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27
Q

How do we do OVH in ferret?

A

● Similar to the ventral midline approach
to the dog.
● Incise approximately 1cm caudal to the
umbilicus.
● Uterus is bicornuate and uterine body
is short
● Ovaries are dark and are situated in a
bursa of fat.
● Ligate vessels with absorbable
monofilament suture material.
● Routine closure

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28
Q

How to castrate ferret?

A

Open or closed
used monofilament

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29
Q

Vasectomised males - effect on smell?

A

Retain odour as depends on testosterone levels

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30
Q

How to do Vasectomy ?

A
  • The spermatic cord is palpated cranial to the testis, and a 10 mm skin
    incision made directly over it, approximately 20 mm cranial to one scrotal
    sac
  • The vaginal process is identified. * The parietal tunica of the vaginal process is incised and spermatic cord is
    exposed
  • The white vas deferens is identified and a short portion is separated from
    the spermatic cord.
  • Double ligate at a distance of approximately 0.5cm and excise between the
    ligatures.
  • Submission of excised tissue for histological examination is recommended,
    to confirm proper excision.
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31
Q

Post op consideraitons of vasectomy in ferret?

A
  • Mild scrotal swelling resolves 2- ays
  • Should not be used til 7 weeks post surgery
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32
Q

What alternative approach to vasetomy?

A
  • Palce ligatures around vas deferens
  • Clamp on testicle side
  • incise the vas above ligature nearest to testicle
  • Move cut end down and passed the artery forceps, closer to testicle
  • With ligature already placed tie around vas deferens -> create a blind loop in vas deferens
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33
Q

What to do after alternative vasectomy?

A

Look under mcirosocpe immediately -> motile sperm = vas deferens for sure
- store in formalin - 2 pots Left and Right

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34
Q

Often what are preputial masses?

A

Often malignat apocrine gland adenoCs

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35
Q

Advanced preputial masses?

A

May require peniel amputation, resection of the urethra and urethrostomy

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36
Q

What common GIt surgeries on ferrets?

A
  • Enterotomy/ Gastrotomy forign bodies (enterotomy harder bc smaller) -> try to make incision 1cm distal to foreign body to minimise dehisence and stenosis
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37
Q

what other common abdo surgery?

A

Splenectomy

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38
Q

Details fo spelnectomy?

A
  • Ligate splenic artery and vein supplying the spleen under the visceral side -> haemofilament absorbable suture materal
    Haemoclips
  • Caution -> avoid damaging the left lobe of the panreas
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39
Q

Urolithiasis/cystotomy in ferrets?

A
  • Not as common in uk
  • Similar to dogs
  • Remember -> male has J-shaped penis and an os-penis
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40
Q

Adrenal dx in ferrets?

A

Loss of neg feedback -> inc in release of LH & FSH. -> persistently stimulate respective receptors in adrenal cortex

Eventually adrenocortical hyperplasia and tumor formation

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41
Q

HOw to Adrenalectomy

A
  • Surgery - left adrenal gland easierto remove -> ligation of the phrenicoabdominal vein
  • right adrenal gland more difficult - closely attached to vena cava and in close proximity to the liver
  • Tend to avoid surgery in favour of implant
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42
Q

Describe insulinoma in ferrets

A
  • Small tumours of pancreatic beta cells
  • Microadenomas -> excess of insulin -> HYPOGLYCAEMIA
  • Median age= 5 yrs old
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43
Q

Surgery for insulinomas ?

A

○ Pancreatic nodulectomy or partial
pancreatectomy.
○ Inspect both right and left pancreatic lobes ○ Survival time of approx. 16 - 22 months (in
combination with medical management)
○ Not all of the diseased tissue may be
macroscopic. Macroscopic disease is usually
seen as discrete red raised nodules

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44
Q

What fractures common in ferrets?

A
  • Radius & ulnea mroe than humerus
  • Femur tibia and fibula common
45
Q

What other orthopaedic complaints in ferrets

A
  • Elbow luxation common
  • Ferrets do adapt well if limb amputation required - surgical techniquee is the same as in dog & cat
46
Q

Why do we do tail amp in ferret?

A
  • Chordomas (MSK neoplasm)
    -> slow growing and benign
47
Q

How to do Tail amp in ferrets

A
  • AMputate tail 2-3 coccygeal vertebral bodies proximal to the lesion
  • Ensure haemostasis of the ventral artery & vein
    -Close skin with single interrupted monoF absorbable Sutures
47
Q

Assess hydration of BIRDS for anaesthesia …

A

○ Methods are subjective +/- in combination with lab tests
○ Skin turgor – variable → less elasticity in birds compared with mammals.
Assess over pectoral muscles in birds.
○ Venous refill time - >2 seconds at 7-9% and >3 seconds at 10-15%

48
Q

What temp in birds is normal?

A

41-44°C

49
Q

What to beware of with ET placement in Birds

A

Care not to damage delicate tracheal tissues as this can lead to strictures/ stenossi. Complete rings of cartilage and lack of epiglottis

50
Q

What often required with birds?

A

IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation)

51
Q

Should u withhold food / how long if so? (bird)

A

● Ideally withhold food to ensure empty crop (if present). Species
variation!
○ Budgie – 1 hour
○ Most larger parrots – 3 hours

52
Q

What is the average daily fluid maintenance in birds

A

100ml/kg/day

53
Q

What IV lines inbirds?

A
  • Basilic (ulnar/brachial vein)
  • Extend wing and visualise vein
  • Vein runs over the elbow area
  • Care as haematoma formation is common
  • Medial metatarsal vein
    (Vein is very short in psittacines but possible site
    for chickens, waterfowl, waders & seabirds during
    a procedure → meticulous skin prep required.)
54
Q

How to Crop tube?

A

into crop or at level of thoracic inlet for species without a crap (owls)

general rule = crop volume is calculated as 5% BW -> LOWER in debilitated patients

55
Q

What SC injection routes for fluid therapy

A

→ inguinal or precrural folds,
wing web (propatagium), axilla, interscapular area

56
Q

Describe SC injection

A

o Up to 20ml/kg → I would tend to go LOWER
if no other option but to use this route.
o Can add hyaluronidase – 1500IU/L added to
sterile crystalloid fluids – increases
absorption

57
Q

Describe Wing Clipping

A
  • Temporary method of deflighting -> never perform during a moult or if blood feathers present; never do unilaterally
58
Q

What could go wrong in <ing clip?

A

● Falls, fractures, injuries to keel
● Self traumatising
● Inability to escape and caught by owners
other pets
● In some cases still being able to escape →
owner’s false sense of security.

59
Q

What pattern options for a wing clip?

A
  • Clipping in a curved pattern
  • Clip outer primary feathers
  • Leave the outer 2-3 primary feathers an clip the next 5-8
60
Q

Describe Nail Buring in birds?

A

-> address potential causes : check perching, pododermatitis?
Arthritis?
Diet

61
Q

Should we beak trim?

A
  • Common request but not routine bc normal beaks DONT need this
62
Q

Reshapinig of beak required if…?

A
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Trauma and damage
  • Abnormal keratin metabolism
63
Q

How to beak trim?

A
  • Always burr not lip! clipping inc chances fo iatrogenic damage
  • Where poss -> GA
64
Q

Blood feathers can cause a lot of blood loss - T/F

A

True -> cornflour to stem bleeding, bring into surgery, may rq fluids

65
Q

Should we pull out feather (blood feather)?

A

May damage follicle
Current thought is to ligate

66
Q

What to do for constricted leg ring or jesses?

A

->under GA
- Radiograph before and after
- Fremel with cutting burr or dental drill piece
- Protect underlying tissues
- Surgical debride necrotic tissue
- Remember to microchip!
- Phovia

67
Q

Which lumps do we see in birds?

A

Not uncommon to see cutaneous and subcut neoplasms
- Lipomas often see in psittacines -> total surgical removal often curative
- Xanthomas
- Feather cysts

68
Q

What are Xanthomas ?

A

(intradermal deposits of cholesterol clefts with an associated inflammatory reaction) -> highly vascularised -> surgical removal when small is advised

69
Q

Describe feather cysts ?

A

● Feather cysts → unerupted feathers → inflammatory swellings.
○ GA, surgically open the cyst, clean, allow to heal by second-intention
○ Reoccurring cyst → surgically remove, together with the dermal papilla from
which it develops. Approach from dorsal aspect.
○ Care – feather follicles have a rich blood supply

70
Q

What is preen gland also called?

A

Uropygial gland

71
Q

What can cause swelling or the uropygial gland?

A
  • ductal blockage
  • Gland abscessation
  • Neoplasia
72
Q

Describe Neoplasia of the preen gland?

A

○ Significant blood supply
○ Radiosurgery advised
○ Gland is bordered ventrally by fibrinous connective tissue that attaches firmly
to the dorsal surface of the pygostyle and caudal vertebrae
○ Surgical removal must extend to the connective tissue layer.
○ In many species the gland is separated by a septum → possible to perform
unilateral gland removal

73
Q

What is a common issue with wound management in birds?

A

Dessication and devitalisation fo subcut tissues -> decision wether to let heal by first or second intention

74
Q

What commonest site for skin deficit in birds?

A

Cranium

75
Q

How to stich up a bird?

A

Closure by horiontal matress usig monoF absorbable suture material

76
Q

What leads up to a rinolith removal?

A
  • Chronic rhinits, oten concurrent sinusitis -> formation of a hard,plus of debris blocking th enares
  • Often caused by hypovit A
77
Q

What can rhinoliths cause?

A

Can cause progressive destruction to soft
tissues of nasal passages, the rostral nasal
conchae +/
- sinuses.

78
Q

How to remove rhinoliths?

A
  • Small nasal plugs -> remove with blunted dental pick/ probe
  • Larger rhinoliths -> surgical debridement udner GA
79
Q

Describe Respiratory Anatomy/ Physiology of birds

A

● No diaphragm
● Semi-rigid lungs
● Air sac system
○ Clavicular air sac
○ Paired cervical air sacs
○ Paired cranial air sacs
○ Paired caudal thoracic air sacs
○ Paired abdominal air sacs
● Respiratory system 10 x more efficient

80
Q

Why do we do air sac cannulation?

A
  • TO bypass URT -> used for oxygenation, ventilation and anaesthesia
81
Q

When should u not place AIr Sac Tube?

A

Ascites

82
Q

Where do we put air sac cannula

A

Caudal thoracic or abdominal air sac on the left hand side

83
Q

Describe how to doan air sac cannulation?

A

● Place the bird in right lateral recumbency → remove feathers and prepare the
paralumbar fossa behind the last rib.
● Incise the skin with a scalpel blade & using mosquito forceps, held close to the tip
for more control, advance in a craniodorsal direction until a pop is felt.
● Widen the insertion site by opening the forceps and then place the tube
● Suture the tube to the body wall.
● Tubes should not be left in place for longer than 4-5 days

84
Q

Describe how to judge the internal diameter / placement of the tube?

A

○ The internal diameter of the tube should ideally be 1.5 times wider than the
size of an endotracheal tube placed in the glottis
○ Make sure the tube is not too deep as it will contact internal viscera and
obstruct and/or cause damage.
○ Test the patency by placing a feather in front of it and seeing it move with
respirations.

85
Q

What GIT surgeries (crop) of the bird do we tend to do?

A
  • Crop injuries -> ruptured crop
  • Burns -> often present with necrotic grnaulating wound forming a crop fistula
  • Ingluviotomy (remove foreign body)
86
Q

Who commonly gets ruptured crops?

A

Baby psittacine birds being human reared -> burns of FB

87
Q

What to do for a crop fistula due to a burn?

A

○ Stabilise for 2-3 days
○ Broad spectrum antibiotics, analgesia and proventricular gavage (can go via the crop wound)
○ Await demarcation
○ GA, surgically separate crop wall from the skin.
○ Close crop using a double inversion pattern.
○ Skin closure

88
Q

Describe how to do an ingluviotomy ?

A

○ Place bird in dorsal or lateral recumbency and elevate the head
○ Place a probe/feeding tube into the mouth and into the crop to delineate the position of the
crop.
○ Incise the skin close to the thoracic inlet and over the left lateral crop wall.
○ Visualise and isolate the crop wall.
○ Place stay sutures & incise into an avascular area of the crop wall. Only make an incision
one-third to one-half the length of the skin incision
○ Remove foreign body
○ Close with monofilament absorbable suture using a single or double continuous inversion
pattern. Close the skin.

89
Q

WHAT RELEVANT REPDO TRACT CONSIDERATIONS IN BIRDS?

A

● All birds have a cloaca
○ Coprodeum
○ Urodeum → contains openings of
the ureters and the genital ducts.
○ Proctodeum
● Reproductive tract of female
psittacines located on the left hand side
of the coelom.
● Right ovary and oviduct normally
regress prior to hatching (psittacines)
● May have vestigial remnants or even
functional after hatching (raptors)

90
Q

Who commonly gets Dystocia?

A

Small psittacines -> Commonly seen in cockateils -> can produce repeated clutches or a larger than normal clutch

91
Q

Why can we get dystocia in birds?

A

Depletionof Ca and protein stores -> poor bone density, weight loss, pathological fractures & dystocia

92
Q

Describe Dystocia Surgery steps

A

○ Incision site depends on position of egg. Laparotomy approach is either
caudal left lateral or usually (if egg is in the distal oviduct) a ventral
midline approach, between the pubis and sternum.
○ Care when incising the musculature.
○ Incise oviduct directly over the egg.
○ Salpingohysterectomy may be required at a later date once more stable
○ Close oviduct with monofilament absorbable material with a single
interrupted or continuous inversion suture pattern.

93
Q

When is salpingohysterectomy indicated?

A

severe egg peritonitis, dystocia with egg remnants in oviduct

  • The ovary is firmly attached to the dorsal abdominal wall so NOT removed
  • All the oviduct and uterus must be removed instead
94
Q

Describe Bird MALE reprod anatomy?

A
  • Males -> two testes located ventral to the cranial border of the kidney
  • Most Companion birds do not have a protruding phallus -> exception= waterfowl
  • Phallus of waterfowel purely for reprod function
  • If traumatised can surgically amputate
95
Q

How is the avian thoracic limb adapted for flight?

A
  • Thoracic girdle, scapulae, coracoid bones & clavicles
  • Large superficial pectoral muscles > down stroke of wing - thrust during flight
96
Q

Traumatic ortho injuries common in which birds?

A

Wild birds > 100g & free flyign pet birds

97
Q

Prognosis for orhto (wing) injuries?

A
  • Can be good with cage rest (3 weeks)- + pain releif if simple fracture
  • Pg poor for (sub)luxations and injuries involving shoulder joint
98
Q

What bones present in the wing?

A

Short humerus, paired radius & ulna, carpal bones and carpometacarpus

99
Q

What are the three digits of bir?

A

alula (the pollex is the
joint which bears the alula, major digit & minor digit.

100
Q

Describe first aid stabilisation of fracture ?

A

elbow or more distally =
figure of eight bandage; humerus or shoulder = wing to body
bandage

101
Q

What bone considerations ?

A

smaller sized patient, bones are quite brittle
with a thin cortex and large medullary cavity compared with
mammals.

102
Q

Recap bone sof pelvic limb - bird?

A

Femur, tibiotarsus and fibula, tarsometatarsus, four digits

103
Q

What first aid stabilisation on bird LEG ?

A

leg
fracture (distal to stifle only): Altman
splint (birds < 200g), improvised
splint/cast for larger spp. Toe Fracture:
Shoe/Ball bandage

104
Q

Who is pododermatitis (bumblefoot) commonly seen in?

A

Raptors, psittacines, chickens, ducks and mute swans

105
Q

What can birds get on plantar aspect of the foot ?

A

Non infectious soft tissues granuloma

106
Q

cause of pododermatitis?

A

– walking on hard surfaces → small wounds → secondary infection (S. aureus). Also seen if uneven weight
bearing, ? Injury. Hypovitaminosis A.

107
Q

Secondary systemic amyloidosis is potentially ….?

A

Fatal

108
Q

TX for raptors, psittacines, and chickens

A

○ Evaluate the integument, surgically prep the foot, remove the scab and take samples for C+S
○ Depending on severity remove exudative material or carefully incise around the lesion taking care of vital structures
○ Suture (with no tension on suture line) using simple interrupted pattern
○ Bandage feet/Bumblefoot shoes → regular bandage changes
○ Remove sutures in stages after 21 days.

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