Ruminant Abdomen Flashcards
What are the boundaries of the flank?
Dorsal-Epaxial muscles
Cranial-Last rib
Ventral-Horizontal line through the level of the stifle
What are the boundaries of the paralumbar fossa?
Dorsal-Epaxial muscles
Cranial-last rib
Caudoventral- Tension line in IAO
Where is the belly?
Ventral to horizontal line from the stifle
What are the abdominal wall layers?
- Skin
- Cutaneous trunci
- Superficial abdominal fascia
- EAO
- IAO
- TA
- RA
- Transverse fascia
- Parietal peritoneum
What innervates the cutaneous trunci m?
Lateral thoracic
What does the the superficial abdominal fascia contain?
- Cutaneous trunci
- Preputial m
- Vessels
- Nerves
- Subiliac LN
Where is the subiliac LN?
1/2 between tuber coxae and fold of flank
What does the subiliac LN drain?
Superficial layers of the body wall and skin and superficial muscles of the thigh and croup
What is the milk vein?
Subcutaneous abdominal v. Formed by an anastomosis of cranial and caudal superficial epigastric vein during first pregnancy
What is the milk well?
Milk vein courses cranially from the udder to enter the thorax through an opening in the ventral thoracic wall
Which way does blood flow in the milk vein?
Can flow either direction
Where are the superficial inguinal LN?
Associated with external pudendal a and v. More caudal than the horse and palpated in the perineal region dorsal to udder or scrotum
What is the tunica flava abdominis?
- Composed of elastic tissue
- Attached to underlying muscle and supports heavy viscera
- Origin of medial lamina of suspensory apparatus of udder
What makes up the external rectus sheath?
IAO and EAO
What makes up the internal rectus sheath?
TA and transversalis fascia
What nerves must be blocked to do flank surgery?
T13, L1, L2
What can be visualized on the left side?
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Greater omentum
- Fundus of abomasum
What can be visualized on the right side?
- Reticulum
- Body abomasum
- Omasum
- Descending duodenum
- Pyloric part of abomasum
- Greater omentum
- Lesser omentum
What is a line block?
Block the nerves of the abdominal walls where the incisions will be made. Easiest way to do it but uses a lot of lidocaine and may interfere with healing and difficult to ensure all layers infiltrated
What is an inverted L block?
Injected along the last rib and horizontally ventral to transverse processes. It is simple but uses a lot of lidocaine
What is a proximal paravertebral block?
Nerves are blocked near where they emerge from intervertebral/lateral foramen. Large area of desensitization and minimal anesthesia required. Hard to find landmarks on fat cattle and can cause moderate ataxia
What is a distal paravertebral block?
Nerves blocked at distal ends of L1, L2, L4 and sometimes L3. This is safe and effective and doesn’t cause ataxia. But requires more anesthesia than proximal block and variation in nerves can lead to anesthetic failure
What is a lumbar segmental epidural?
Anesthetic deposited in epidural fat blocks entire spinal nerve. Get all three nerves with one puncture. Can cause scoliosis, animal may go down if lumbosacral plexus blocked, and hypotension if it migrates to sympathetics
Where is the spleen?
Left side along ventral boundary of the auscultation triangle, under ribs 7-11. Biopsy through 11 ICS
How many lobes of the liver do cows have?
4
Where is the liver?
On the right side dorsal to a line from olecranon to the tuber coxae
Where do you biopsy liver?
- Adult: 11th ICS
- young: 12 ICS
- Under 4 weeks: caudal to last rib
What innervates the rumen?
Dorsal vagal trunk
Where is the reticulum?
Cranial to ruminoreticular fold over which it communicates with the atrium of the rumen.
What is the reticular groove?
Initial part of the gastric groove, closure allows milk to bypass the ruminoreticulum prior to weaning. Can cause closure in adults by chemicals and allows drugs to bypass dilution in the forestomach
Where is the omasum?
Right side of the abdomen uner costal arch from the 7th to the 11th rib.
What is the omasal groove?
The continuation of the gastric groove through the omasum, lies on the floor of the omasal canal
What is the omasal canal?
Laminae from the sides and greater curvature and project toward the lesser curvature where the open passage is
Where is the abomasum?
Ventral to costal arch in the xiphoid region, along the floor of the abdomen
What kind of folds are in the abomasum?
Spiral folds
What is the torus pyloricus?
Internal projection in the pylorus. Sphincter
What is the supraomental recess?
Where the leaves sweep along walls and floor of the abdomen to house most of the intestines
Where do the omental leaves originate?
- Superficial: Left longitudinal groove of rumen
- Deep: Right longitudinal groove of rumen
Where is the intestinal tract?
Most in the supraomental recess except descending duodenum and rectum and mostly consists of jejunum
What is in the omental bursa in the ruminant?
Ventral Sac
How many layers are in each leaf?
2
Where are the jejunal lymph nodes?
Ox: Right next to jejunum
Goat: Inside the last turn of the spiral colon
