Head and neck

Question 1

Which cervical vertebra does not have a transverse foramen?

Answer 1

C7

Question 2

Which cervical vertebra has a ventral lamina?

Answer 2

C6

Question 3

Describe the path of the vertebral artery?

Answer 3

Travels in the transverse foramen from C6 to C1. It then enters the atlantal fossa and anastomoses with the occipital artery and then leaves through the alar foramen of C1 enters into the lateral foramen of C1 and enters the spinal cord

Question 4

In young horses what takes up most of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 4

Roots of the premolars

Question 5

Which sinus do all of the other sinuses drain into?

Answer 5

Maxillary

Question 6

Which sinus cavity drains into the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

Maxillary through the nasomaxillary aperture in the middle meatus

Question 7

How does the frontal sinus and the maxillary sinus communicate?

Answer 7

frontomaxillary opening

Question 8

How is the maxillary sinus divides?

Answer 8

Oblique septum separates the rostral and caudal compartments and there is a partial septum dividing medial and lateral from the infraorbital canal

Question 9

When is there the most effective drainage of horses sinuses?

Answer 9

During grazing

Question 10

How many cheek teeth do horses have?

Answer 10

3 molars and 3 premolars

Question 11

How can you access the root of the last molar in an adult horse?

Answer 11

Through the frontomaxillary opening

Question 12

How do you estimate where the mandibular foramen is?

Answer 12

On the medial side. Draw a line on the occlusal surface of the cheek teeth and a perpendicular line from the lateral canthus. Where they intersect is the medial location

Question 13

What kind of teeth do horses have?

Answer 13

Hypsodont

Question 14

What material makes the lingual and buccal surface of the teeth?

Answer 14

Cementum. In older horses can be worn down

Question 15

What makes up the ribbons in the middle of the teeth?

Answer 15

Enamel

Question 16

What is an infundibula in the tooth?

Answer 16

Recesses that can become shallower with age

Question 17

When do the roots of the tooth form?

Answer 17

5 years

Question 18

After the root forms how does the tooth grow?

Answer 18

bone and cementum are deposited in the alveolus which slowly pushes the tooth out

Question 19

What is secondary pulp?

Answer 19

dentin that fills in the pulp cavity so it is never exposed.

Question 20

Which teeth do not have an infundibula?

Answer 20

lower cheek teeth

Question 21

Why does the enamel stick out on the occlusal surface?

Answer 21

It does not wear down as fast as the rest of the tooth. It acts like a rasp to grind the food

Question 22

When do canine teeth start to erupt?

Answer 22

3.5 years or older

Question 23

When do the deciduous incisors erupt?

Answer 23

I1- 7 days
I2- 7 weeks
I3- 7 months

Question 24

How many cheek teeth are in the deciduous formula?

Answer 24

3 premolars

Question 25

What is the first premolar called?

Answer 25

Wolf tooth

Question 26

What is the deciduous formula?

Answer 26

2(dI 3/3 dC0/0 dPM3/3)=24

Question 27

What is the permanent dental formula?

Answer 27

2(I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3(4)/3 M 3/3)=40 or 42

Question 28

What is the rule for triadan nomenclature?

Answer 28

Right-left-left-right

100-400s

Question 29

What is the rule for deciduous triadan nomenclature?

Answer 29

Right- left-left-right

500-800

Question 30

In an adult horse where are the roots of the teeth?

Answer 30

PM2-3/ in the maxilla
PM4/ and M1/ in rostral maxillary sinus
M2-3/ in the caudal maxillary sinus

Question 31

What are the eruption dates for permanent incisors?

Answer 31

I1- 2 1/2 yrs
I2- 3 1/2 yrs
I3- 4 1/2 yrs

Question 32

When are all a horses teeth in wear?

Answer 32

5 yrs

Question 33

When do the first two molars erupt?

Answer 33

M1- 1yr

M2- 2yrs

Question 34

What are eruption bumps?

Answer 34

swellings on the ventral mandible from the development of the premolars

Question 35

Which arcade is more narrow?

Answer 35

Lower arcade

Question 36

Where does the caudal end of the soft palate lay?

Answer 36

Ventral to the epiglottis

Question 37

The glottis of the horse opens to what during respiration?

Answer 37

Nasopharynx

Question 38

Where is the cuneiform process on the horse?

Answer 38

THe epiglottic cartilage

Question 39

Which hyoid bone articulates with the larynx?

Answer 39

Thyroihyoid

Question 40

Which hyoid bone articulates with the skull?

Answer 40

Stylohyoid

Question 41

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

Answer 41

Space between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold

Question 42

Describe the path of the cranial laryngeal nerve?

Answer 42

Diverges from the vagus nerve right out of the skull and innervates the cricothyroideus m. and sensory of the laryngeal mucosa to the glottis

Question 43

Describe the path of the caudal laryngeal nerve?

Answer 43

Branches from the vagus ath the thorax and travels back up to the larynx. The right one wraps around the carotid arch and the left around the aortic arch. It innervates the caudal laryngeal mucosa and all the motor innervation except cricothyroideus

Question 44

Where is the surgical boundaries of the conchofrontal sinus?

Answer 44

Rostral: Midway between infraorbital canal and orbit. Caudal: Caudal edges of the zygomatic bone
Lateral: Just medial to the supraorbital foramen

Question 45

Where is the septum between the rostral and caudal maxillary sinus?

Answer 45

Between the 1st and 2nd molar in adult horses

Question 46

What are the surgical boundaries of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 46

Caudal: Rostral border of orbit
Rostral: Line from the facial crest to the infraorbital foramen
Dorsal: line from the medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
Ventral: slightly dorsal to the facial crest