Head and neck Flashcards
Which cervical vertebra does not have a transverse foramen?
C7
Which cervical vertebra has a ventral lamina?
C6
Describe the path of the vertebral artery?
Travels in the transverse foramen from C6 to C1. It then enters the atlantal fossa and anastomoses with the occipital artery and then leaves through the alar foramen of C1 enters into the lateral foramen of C1 and enters the spinal cord
In young horses what takes up most of the maxillary sinus?
Roots of the premolars
Which sinus do all of the other sinuses drain into?
Maxillary
Which sinus cavity drains into the nasal cavity?
Maxillary through the nasomaxillary aperture in the middle meatus
How does the frontal sinus and the maxillary sinus communicate?
frontomaxillary opening
How is the maxillary sinus divides?
Oblique septum separates the rostral and caudal compartments and there is a partial septum dividing medial and lateral from the infraorbital canal
When is there the most effective drainage of horses sinuses?
During grazing
How many cheek teeth do horses have?
3 molars and 3 premolars
How can you access the root of the last molar in an adult horse?
Through the frontomaxillary opening
How do you estimate where the mandibular foramen is?
On the medial side. Draw a line on the occlusal surface of the cheek teeth and a perpendicular line from the lateral canthus. Where they intersect is the medial location
What kind of teeth do horses have?
Hypsodont
What material makes the lingual and buccal surface of the teeth?
Cementum. In older horses can be worn down
What makes up the ribbons in the middle of the teeth?
Enamel
What is an infundibula in the tooth?
Recesses that can become shallower with age
When do the roots of the tooth form?
5 years
After the root forms how does the tooth grow?
bone and cementum are deposited in the alveolus which slowly pushes the tooth out
What is secondary pulp?
dentin that fills in the pulp cavity so it is never exposed.
Which teeth do not have an infundibula?
lower cheek teeth
Why does the enamel stick out on the occlusal surface?
It does not wear down as fast as the rest of the tooth. It acts like a rasp to grind the food
When do canine teeth start to erupt?
3.5 years or older
When do the deciduous incisors erupt?
I1- 7 days
I2- 7 weeks
I3- 7 months
How many cheek teeth are in the deciduous formula?
3 premolars
What is the first premolar called?
Wolf tooth
What is the deciduous formula?
2(dI 3/3 dC0/0 dPM3/3)=24
What is the permanent dental formula?
2(I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3(4)/3 M 3/3)=40 or 42
What is the rule for triadan nomenclature?
Right-left-left-right
100-400s
What is the rule for deciduous triadan nomenclature?
Right- left-left-right
500-800
In an adult horse where are the roots of the teeth?
PM2-3/ in the maxilla
PM4/ and M1/ in rostral maxillary sinus
M2-3/ in the caudal maxillary sinus
What are the eruption dates for permanent incisors?
I1- 2 1/2 yrs
I2- 3 1/2 yrs
I3- 4 1/2 yrs
When are all a horses teeth in wear?
5 yrs
When do the first two molars erupt?
M1- 1yr
M2- 2yrs
What are eruption bumps?
swellings on the ventral mandible from the development of the premolars
Which arcade is more narrow?
Lower arcade
Where does the caudal end of the soft palate lay?
Ventral to the epiglottis
The glottis of the horse opens to what during respiration?
Nasopharynx
Where is the cuneiform process on the horse?
THe epiglottic cartilage
Which hyoid bone articulates with the larynx?
Thyroihyoid
Which hyoid bone articulates with the skull?
Stylohyoid
What is the laryngeal ventricle?
Space between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold
Describe the path of the cranial laryngeal nerve?
Diverges from the vagus nerve right out of the skull and innervates the cricothyroideus m. and sensory of the laryngeal mucosa to the glottis
Describe the path of the caudal laryngeal nerve?
Branches from the vagus ath the thorax and travels back up to the larynx. The right one wraps around the carotid arch and the left around the aortic arch. It innervates the caudal laryngeal mucosa and all the motor innervation except cricothyroideus
Where is the surgical boundaries of the conchofrontal sinus?
Rostral: Midway between infraorbital canal and orbit. Caudal: Caudal edges of the zygomatic bone
Lateral: Just medial to the supraorbital foramen
Where is the septum between the rostral and caudal maxillary sinus?
Between the 1st and 2nd molar in adult horses
What are the surgical boundaries of the maxillary sinus?
Caudal: Rostral border of orbit
Rostral: Line from the facial crest to the infraorbital foramen
Dorsal: line from the medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
Ventral: slightly dorsal to the facial crest
