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Ag Sci animal N > rum nutrition > Flashcards

rum nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major contribution of ruminant livestock to global systems ?

A

to convert human inedible feed sources to human edible feed sources

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2
Q

what percentage of habitable land is Agriculture ?

A

50%

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3
Q

of the agriculture land what % is livestock and what % is crops ?

A

livestock = 75%
crops = 23%

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4
Q

what does reducing the pre-grazing herbage mass do in terms of carb digestion ?

A

increases carb digestion in the rumen

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5
Q

what type of loss is methane in ruminant animals ?

A

source of energy loss

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6
Q

what is the VFA ratio

A

70:20:10
70% acetate
20% propionate
10% butyrate

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7
Q

where does carb fermentation take place ?

A

Rumen

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of ruminants ?

A

concentrate selectors
intermediate types
grass/roughage eaters

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9
Q

do ruminants need to consume amino acids ?

A

no ruminants synthesise amino acids through non-protein nitrogen.

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10
Q

what is pH of rumen

A

6.3 - 6.4

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11
Q

Omasum has 2 pH’s what are they ?

A

6.4 and 4.2

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12
Q

what are laminae

A

Epithelium arranged in folds

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13
Q

how are nutrients absorbed in Omasum

A

through contracting of laminae to form vacuum to absorb nutrients. reticulo-omasalorifice.

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14
Q

what nutrients are absorbed in the Omasum?

A

water
VFA
bacteria
particles under 1mm

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15
Q

main functions of rumen ?

A

ferment
mix food with microbes
reduce particle size
eliminate gases

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16
Q

what is volume of the rumen ?

A

80-100L

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17
Q

what is rumen lined with ?

A

filiform and foliate epithelium

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18
Q

function of Cranial pillar ?

A

holds digesta away from oesophagus, allows eructation of gases.

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19
Q

what are 3 layers on components in rumen ?

A

liquid
fibre material
Gas cap

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20
Q

function of reticulum ?

A

foodstuff formed into bolus and propelled back up oesophagus to be regurgitated.

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21
Q

what does the reticulum control ?

A

the flow rate of digesta

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22
Q

how is the abomasum unique in the ruminant ?

A

only stomach involved in secretions. these are pepsin and HCL.

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23
Q

what origin are the majority of the amino acids that are broken down in the small intestine

A

of microbial origin

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24
Q

which stomach does protein digestion begin

A

begins in the abomasum continued in the small intestine.

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25
Q

what are 3 sources of rumen microbiota ?

A

bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota

26
Q

what % of bacteria is bound to feed particles ?

A

75%

27
Q

what does rumen bacteria digest ?

A

sugar
starch
lipids
protein

28
Q

difference between lipids and VFA’s

A

lipids are broken down in rumen VFA’s are not and lipids need to be bound to another particle eg phosphorus

29
Q

what are 4 types of rumen bacteria ?

A
  • cellulolytic bacteria
  • amylolytic bacteria
  • lactate using bacteria
  • archaea hydrogen using bacteria
30
Q

at what pH does cellulolytic bacteria work best in ?

A

6.2 - 7.0

31
Q

how is the pH for cellulolytic bacteria regulated ?

A
  • saliva
  • VFA being rapidly absorbed
  • Removal of hydrogen through methane
32
Q

what is cut off % of fat before fibre breakdown is affected ?

A

5%

33
Q

what are the primary substrates related to cellulolytic bacteria ?

A

cellulose
hemicellulose
pectin

34
Q

what would a high amount of acetate suggest in a diet ?

A

that it was a high fibre diet

35
Q

what % of rumen bacteria does amylolytic bacteria make up ?

A

25%

36
Q

what does amylolytic bacteria ferment ?

A

starch
sugars
peptides
amino acids

37
Q

at what pH does amylolytic bacteria thrive ?

A

5.5 - 6

38
Q

how is lactate produced in rumen?

A

through amylolytic bacteria

39
Q

what is lactate in rumen ?

A

very strong acid (VFA) that can rapidly drop rumen pH if produced in large quantities.

40
Q

when can lactate become a problem with ruminants ?

A

during high sugar/starch diets if animals run out of feed lactate acid microbes produce large amounts on lactate dropping rumen pH causing acidosis.

41
Q

what is the lactate using bacteria ?

A

megasphaera elsendii

42
Q

how does lactate using bacteria help cellulolytic bacteria.

A

uses lactic acid as substrate for growth increasing rumen pH.

43
Q

how does hydrogen using bacteria play a positive role in our environment ?

A

reduces the amount of methane produced as uses up hydrogen.

44
Q

what % of the rumen mass is made up of protozoa ?

A

50%

45
Q

in what diets are high levels of protozoa seen ?

A

high fibre diets
high starch diets

46
Q

how long can it take for rumen bacteria to grow ?

A

15 + hours

47
Q

why does archaea attach itself to protozoa ?

A

to get easy access to hydrogen

48
Q

how is protozoa unique ?

A

eat large amounts of starch at one time and store it in bodies.

49
Q

how does protozoa benefit the rumen?

A

slows down the production of acids increasing the rumen pH.

50
Q

optimum pH for cellulose digestion ?

A

6.0 - 6.8

51
Q

optimum pH for formation of VFA’s

A

6.2 - 6.6

52
Q

optimum pH for synthesis of protein

A

6.3 - 7.4

53
Q

optimum pH for lactate production?

A

5.9 - 6.2

54
Q

what type of environment is fermentation?

A

anaerobic environment

55
Q

what are 2 types of fermentation ?

A

glycolysis
fermentation of pyruvate

56
Q

what are the 3 breakdown pathways of pyruvate ?

A

respiration
anaerobic glycolysis
fermentation

57
Q

in the breakdown of pyruvate what does anaerobic glycolysis produce ?

A

lactic acid

58
Q

where are VFA’s mostly absorbed ?

A

in the rumen with small % absorbed in omasum

59
Q

where are most of the nutrients absorbed ?

A

in the small intestine

60
Q
A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A

Ag Sci animal N (11 decks)

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