Rules | Duff Chapter 16

Question 1

aspect in perfect tense

Answer 1

• indicative mood:
  
  • COMPLETED
• participle mood:
  
  • COMPLETED

Question 2

reduplication in perfect tense:

standard rules for verbs starting with a consonant

Answer 2

• use same consonant for reduplication:
  (e. g. λυω -> λελυκα)
• for verbs starting with σ / ζ / ξ, the reduplication consonant may be omitted:
  
  • σ -> σεσ | εσ
  • ζ -> ζεζ | εζ
  • ξ -> ξεξ | εξ

Question 3

reduplication in perfect tense:

rules for verbs starting with θ / φ / χ

Answer 3

fall back to the “hard” consonant within the same consonant group:

• dentals: θ -> τεθ
  (e. g. θεραπευω -> τεθεραπευκα)
• labials: φ -> πεφ
  (e. g. φιλ_ε_ω -> πεφιληκα)
• gutterals: χ -> κεχ
  (e. g. ??)

Question 4

reduplication in perfect tense:

rules for verbs starting with vowels

Answer 4

change short vowel to long one:

• α -> η
  (e. g. ἀκολουθ_ε_ω -> ἠκολουθηκα)
• ε -> η
  (e. g. ἐλπιζω -> ἠλπικα)
• ο -> ω
  (e. g. ??)

Question 5

stem changes in perfect tense

Answer 5

Generally speaking, consonants at the end of the stem change to other consonants within their respective groups:

• dentals: τ δ θ ζ plus σ
• labials: π β φ
• gutterals: κ γ χ σσ

Question 6

meaning and translation of Greek aorist and perfect tenses

Answer 6

• Greek aorist tense
  
  • action in definite past -> use English simple past tense
  • action in indefinite past -> use English present perfect tense
• Greek perfect tense
  
  • present state resulting from past action -> use English present perfect tense

Question 7

Greek equivalents for English past perfect indicative

Answer 7

1. Indirect statements -> aorist / perfect indicative
2. Temporal clauses -> aorist /perfect participle
3. Other cases -> pluperfect indicative