Routine Procedures Flashcards
Routine Procedures
A. Receiving (Accessioning)
B. Gross Examination
C. Fixation
D. Decalcification
E. Dehydration
F. Clearing
G. Infiltration
H. Embedding
I. Cutting/Sectioning
J. Staining
K. Mounting
RECEIVING (ACCESSIONING) encompasses:
Checking of Labels
Serial Numbers Are Assigned
Details of the label include the ff. details about the patient:
- Name
- Age
- Sex
- Clinical data
- Surgical findings
- Nature of operation
- Name of tissues submitted
example of a specific sequence of serial numbers assigned to a the 1st sample taken in the year 2023.
SP2023001
are assigned to each of the sample in order to avoid interchanging of samples.
Special/unique numbers (serial numbers)
What to do if naka receive ng specimen na hindi naka formalin?
Ask if the specimen is subjected for:
biopsy or
culture and sensitivity
SP-24-001
Surgical pathology/ biopsy
Yr 2024
1st patient of yr 2024
Specimens processed in histopath are kept/ stored for how many years?
10 yrs
What is used for labeling?
Pencil
Histopath worksheet includes the
Gross description
a description of what tissue taken during a biopsy looks like without using a microscope
Gross description
SCO
Specimen Consists Of
Example of Gross description
SCO Tan-brown appendix measuring 8 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm
• The sample received is described in detail.
GROSS EXAMINATION
GROSS EXAMINATION is performed by a
Pathologist
In gross examination, macroscopic characteristics are noted such as:
Color
Size
Texture
Consistency, etc.
are usually taken from the parts of the specimen that exhibit abnormalities.
representative sections
Specimens are cut into representative sections about ____ and not more than____ in thickness.
2cm^2
4 mm
When is the initial fixation?
During/ after collection of specimen
Reagent in fixation
Formalin
terminate any on-going biochemical reactions, which occurs as the tissue starts to decay.
Fixatives
is essentially performed to protect tissues from decay (in order to prevent autolysis & putrefaction) & maintain the tissue in its fresh state.
Fixation
Reagent in decalcification
Nitric acid
Decalcification involves removal of_____ deposits (essential for good embedding) present in hardened tissues in order to soften the tissue for cutting/sectioning.
calcium
Decalcification is done on what specimens?
- Bone.
- Teeth.
- Cartilage.
- Arteries w/ atherosclerotic plaque formation.
is caused by the deposition of cholesterol on the walls or the lumen of the arteries.
Atherosclerotic plaque formation
Reagent in dehydration
Ethanol in increasing concentrations
This process is commonly carried out by immersing specimens in a series of ethanol (alcohol) solutions of increasing concentration until pure, water-free alcohol is reached.
Dehydration
this step is necessary to prepare the tissue for embedding in non-aqueous media like paraffin.
Dehydration
After fixation, the tissue must be dehydrated to allow for complete penetration of the tissue by the paraffin wax. Since wax is not soluble in water, but is soluble in_____, the water in the tissue must be replaced with ____
xylene
functions to remove water from tissues.
Alcohol
Involves increasing concentrations of hydrophilic (water-miscible) fluids, which dilutes & eventually replaces free water in the tissues.
Dehydration
Dehydration has to undergo tedious process (increasing concentrations of ethanol) in order to_______ in order to preserve the__________ of the organ as it was removed from the human body.
minimize tissue distortion
morphology and appearance
Reagent in clearing
Xylene & Toluene
Principle of dehydration
Remove water (makadaot the tissue)
Principle of clearing
Remove excess alcohol
Clearing aka
Dealcoholization
Clearing is a transition step between
dehydration & infiltration
It utilizes a reagent that must be miscible with dehydrating & infiltrating agents.
Clearing
reagent that is miscible with dehydrating & infiltrating agents.
Xylene
The term “_____” arises from the ability of some solvents with high refractive indices to render anhydrous tissues transparent or clear.
clearing
Referred to as “____” because the infiltration of the reagents used here gives the tissue a translucent appearance; thus, resulting in a fully cleared tissue
clearing
Reagent in infiltration
Melted Paraffin wax
Involves the removal of the excess clearing agent from the tissues & replaces it with a medium that will fill the natural cavities, spaces, & interstices of the tissues.
Infiltration
Provides the tissues with a firm consistency, thus resulting in better handling & cutting of the tissue sections.
Infiltration
Principle in embedding
Produce a tissue block
Reagent in embedding
Melted paraffin wax
Embedding aka
Casting or blocking
is done by placing the infiltrated tissue, in a precisely arranged position, in a mold containing a medium which is allowed to solidify.
Embedding
Equipment used in sectioning
Microtome
Involves cutting of the embedded tissues into uniformly thin slices using the microtome.
Cutting/ sectioning
Ano tung i scoop and section sa water. Done before staining
Fish out
After i fish out, unsay sunod?
Deparaffinization
Equipment used for deparaffinization
Oven
Reagent in staining
Hematoxylin & Eosin
______ imparts blue to purple colors; whereas_____ imparts pink to red colors.
hematoxylin
eosin
is a basic dye;
hence, it will stain the acidic portions of the cell (usually stains the nucleus & RNA-containing portions of the cytoplasm).
Hematoxylin
is an acidic dye; hence, it will stain the basic portions of the cell (usually stains the cytoplasmic structures, proteins, & collagen).
Eosin
is the process of adding colors or dyes to the thin tissue slices for enhanced visualization & differentiation of cellular structures.
Staining
• Involves protecting the tissue sections from physical damage by coating it with a transparent medium then covering it with a glass slip.
MOUNTING
MOUNTING
• Involves protecting the tissue sections from physical damage by coating it with a transparent medium then covering it with a______
glass slip
TAHBSO
Total Abdominal Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy
