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histopath lab > CLEARING > Flashcards

CLEARING Flashcards

1
Q

• serves as a bridge between dehydration and infiltration

A

Clearing

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2
Q

Clearing
• serves as a bridge between _____ and _____

A

dehydration and infiltration

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3
Q

______ and ______ are immiscible

A

paraffin wax and ethanol

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4
Q

______ are miscible with both ethanol and paraffin wax

A

clearing agents

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5
Q

Clearing agent

A

Xylene

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6
Q

Clearing

many (but not all) clearing agents impart an _____ or _____to the tissue
- high refractive index

A

optical clarity or transparency

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7
Q

Clearing
• remove substantial amount of____ from tissue

A

fat

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8
Q

_____presents a barrier to wax infiltration

A

fat

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9
Q

Clearing
• performed in both:

A
  • embedding process
  • mounting tissues
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10
Q

Clearing in

  • embedding process
A

Bridge between dehydration and infiltration

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11
Q

Clearing in - mounting tissues

A

After staining

To make slide clearer

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12
Q

Choice of
Clearing Agent
• depends on:

A
  • the type of tissue
  • type of processing and processor system
  • intended processing conditions
    • e.g. temperature, vacuum and pressure
  • safety factors, cost and convenience
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13
Q

Examples of Clearing Agents

A

Organic Solvents

Oils

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14
Q

Clearing agents

A
  • Xylene
  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Terpineol
  • Chloroform
  • others
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15
Q

Oils

A
  • Cedarwood oil
  • Aniline oil
  • Clove oil
  • Oil of Bergamot
  • Oil of oreganum
  • lead-free gasolie
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16
Q

Xylene (3) characteristics

A

• most common
• rapid
• readily miscible with paraffin wax

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17
Q

tissues best cleared from absolute alcohol

Why?

A
  • incomplete dehydration will cause xylene to turn milky
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18
Q

• used for both embedding and mounting procedures

A

Xylene

19
Q

Xylene

prolonged treatment is avoided
- can cause…

A

hardening of tissues

20
Q

Xylene

  • not preferred for ___ or ____
A

brain or CNS tissues

21
Q

Procedure
• Xylene 1
• Xylene 2
• Xylene 3

  • Place on paper towels to dry.
  • Wrap in foil.
A

20 min
20 min
45 min

22
Q

Actual lab procedure

X1
X2

A

30mins
45mins

23
Q

Initial deparaffinization

A

Microwave oven

24
Q

Xylene

Sa H&E staining, ang first 3 stages didto kay…for

A

Final paraffinization

25
Q

After staining

Last 3 xylene station is for…

A

Clearing before mag mount

26
Q

Aside from clearing agent, cylene can be used as an…

A

Indicator if dehydration is not done properly

Milky xylene

27
Q

What to use for brain or CNS tissues

A

Toluene

28
Q

Why is toluene not routinely used

A

Expensive

29
Q

Reagent which clears tissue slowly

A

Toluene

30
Q

In the______ we clear tissues after dehydration to prepare the tissues for its exposure to wax.

A

embedding process

31
Q

In______, we clear tissue sections after they have been stained to prepare it for microscopic evaluation.

A

mounting

32
Q

: clears less rapidly than xylene or chloroform, but does not harden tissue – hence, it is preferred for processing brain sections

A

Toluene

33
Q

Its properties are relatively similar to xylene.

It is non-carcinogenic although high concentrations may emit fumes that are toxic upon prolonged exposure.

It is also more expensive.

A

Toluene

34
Q

: more gentle and rapid than xylene and toluene and is probably the best transition solvent, though toxicity and possible carcinogenicity preclude its use in histology.

A

Benzene

35
Q

: expensive, heavy, highly volatile, slowly penetrating transition solvent. It causes less brittleness than xylene and is often used on dense tissues such as uterus and muscle which can be cleared overnight without undue hardening.

A

Chloroform

36
Q

Since_____ attacks some plastics and sealants its use may be restricted in certain closed system processors.

A

chloroform

37
Q

: clear almost colorless mixture of isomers with a faint pleasant odor and very low evaporation rate

A

Terpineol

38
Q

It clears tissues from 80%-90% alcohol with minimal hardening. It is a particularly useful substitute for cedarwood oil in manual processing and is also used in open-dish microscopic examination of cleared parasitic helminths.

A

Terpineol

39
Q

Tissues may remain in it indefinitely without harm.

However, it is difficult to eliminate from paraffin wax.

A

Terpineol

40
Q

Other examples for organic solvents are:

A

dioxane, esters like amyl acetate, methyl benzoate and methyl salicylate; carbol-xylene and carbon tetrachloride.

41
Q

: largely composed of cedrene, rapidly clears tissues from 95% alcohol, hardens tissues the least of all the transition solvents, but is difficult to eliminate from tissues during wax infiltration

A

Cedarwood oil

42
Q

It is particularly useful for processing dense tissues such as uterus or scirrhous carcinomas, and has a role in forensic histopathology in processing the hardened skin margins of electrical burns and bullet wounds.

A

Cedarwood oil

43
Q

Purpose of clearing

A

Bridge between dehydration and infiltration

Imparts an optical clarity to tissue

Remove substantial amount of fat

Final deparaffinization

histopath lab (12 decks)

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