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Bearhawk Patrol > ROT > Flashcards

ROT Flashcards

Memorization

1
Q

If I land at Vapp +10% what happens to my actual landing distance used (i.e. 6kts fast)?

A

Actual Landing distance increases by 21%

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2
Q

If Mtow is increased 10% (200lbs) what affect does this have on my required takeoff distance?

A

Takeoff run will be 21% longer…

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3
Q

Don’t fly in Mountains with >XX__kts wind at my current level or YY_kts wind at the Peak tops.

A

X= 15kts; Y= 20kts

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4
Q

Anytime within 1/2 sm (2000’) from a ridge line, at what Lateral angle should I be?

A

45 deg or less, never approach perpendicular…

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5
Q

Valley breeze will be ____ in the morning

A

Uphill, due to Sun’s initial heating at lower levels

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6
Q

I should always land up or down stream?

A

Upstream (uphill)

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7
Q

Late afternoons the valley air will be moving which direction?

A

Down valley, as cooling air is heavy and descends…giving a tailwind on takeoff in many cases…on 1-way airfields.

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8
Q

50/70 (@%Tora / %Vr) ROT vs. 30/70?

A

If there is a 50’ obstacle to clear…we use 30% of Tora to have reached 50% of Vr

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9
Q

Should you ever fly in the middle of a Canyon?

A

NO

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10
Q

Does stall ias remain same at all altitudes (assuming same G-loading)?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is my Mountain Flying Wx minima?

A

10km or 5sm and Peaks clear of Cloud

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12
Q

Once airborne Mountain Flying Wx minima

A

8km or 4sm or 5000’agl ceiling…
Winds must be <22kts

If worse then Land!

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13
Q

How much extra TORA is required to overcome 1/8 inch of Frost on wings?

A

50% more Tora
Wait for Sun to melt it

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14
Q

Should you use the same Vref while operating in Mountains?

A

Yes, it is self-correcting with different heights…

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15
Q

How much does Tas > with every 1000’

A

2%

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16
Q

What should I do differently if parked on a slope?

A

Turn Fuel selector off, to avoid syphoning of fuel down towards the lower wing then out the vent?

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17
Q

Is it better to shuttle climb or descent in Mountainous terrain?

A

Both…it’s not about going ‘Direct’

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18
Q

What precaution should you take prior to entering an upslope valley…

A

Gain altitude ‘prior’ to entering it!

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19
Q

At what Density Alt should you start to lean your mixture for Takeoff?

A

3000’

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20
Q

Plan to Land at least XX minutes before sunset in Mountainous terrain

A

60min
Due to possible diversions, time for Shuttle climbs and long Shadows late in the day.

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21
Q

Rule #1 in Mountain Flying…

A

Always remain in a position to turn towards lower ground.

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22
Q

Turn back assumptions in Mountains…

A

Turn will be started at 500’agl, it will be steep with 50deg aob turn, assumes Idle Power (to cater for any downdrafts or EO glide); but not flown that way!

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23
Q

What’s the absolute lowest alitude I should fly in rising terrain?

A

500’agl

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24
Q

What is the most unique mindset used for 180deg turn back in Mountains?

A

The Assumption it will be done at idle power in the planning stage, but actually done at Max power in realtime (safety margin!)

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25
Q

Could use mechanical and/or convective lift improve my climb…but always turn…

A

Away from the mountain in figure 8, never towards it…45 deg towards and turn 180deg away…so end up 45 towards it.

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26
Q

SAR distance rules from lateral & Vertical walls of a Canyon?

A

500’ from both, caters for downdrafts and turbulence.

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27
Q

How many G’s of lateral decelleration can body absorb?

A

40g

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28
Q

How many G’s of vertical Decell can body endure (i.e compression on spine/neck)?

A

9g, so never stall it in tops of the trees…

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29
Q

When going down…fly at 1.3 Vs and flare Land it…

A

Uphill, anytime force land, ditching…never stall or decrease speed below 1.3 Vs
For Tree’s, don’t even flare

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30
Q

When I realize that I will need to force land on an ‘Uphill slope’ what speed should I fly?

A

1.4 Vs because you’ll need much more flare

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31
Q

With a clean wing, never fly less than XX kts in the Mountains (or anywhere else)

A

80kts

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32
Q

What is trade-off with Flaps out?

A

Slower ias, tighter radius, but lower Ultimate load factor of 2.2G

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33
Q

At what power setting should you do a Canyon Turn (turnback)?

A

Max Power

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34
Q

Main reasons not to fly closer than 500’ from a canyon wall?

A

Snags (i.e. single big grey dead trees, unseen Power lines)
Severe Turbulence

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35
Q

What often ‘lures’ you closer than 500’ from a canyon wall?

A

Lift

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36
Q

How is a ‘Narrow’ canyon defined?

A

Anytime turnback would use more than 1/2 the width of a canyon
~ <4000’ wide

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37
Q

What is MAJOR difference when it comes time to choose the side I would fly up a “Narrow” canyon?

A

You must fly up it on the ‘Downdraft’ side; so your turnback is with updraft…logical…

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38
Q

45deg aob at 80kts Tas…diameter
45 deg aob at 90kts Tas

A

1150’
1500’ diameter (need 2000’ with 250’ buffer on each side or 600m)

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39
Q

Higher you are, the more Tas for same 80kts ias, hence, the larger your?

A

Turn diameter, path over-ground to turn around

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40
Q

At 5000’ msl your turn diameter is what percentage larger?

A

Your speed is 10% more diameter, will 20% more b/c affect is squared in equation…
So a small canyon becomes anything smaller than 1sm wide

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41
Q

What shift in winds is expected in 90% of takeoffs?

A

They will increase and shift Clockwise (veering or veers)

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42
Q

From altitude to the ground I can expect winds will ?

A

Back and decrease (less # on compass; smaller number on compass)

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43
Q

Can you enter a ‘rising’ terrain canyon if there is insufficient room to turn around?

A

No

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44
Q

If you double your ias from 80kts to 160kts, what happens to my turn Radius?

A

It Quadruples…velocity is squared in Kinetic energy equation

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45
Q

What is kinetic energy equation?

A

Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass of the object and to the square of its velocity:
KE = 1/2 m v2
If the mass has units of kilograms and the velocity of meters per second

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46
Q

Why are flaps ultimate load only 2.2g vs. aircraft 3.8g?

A

Flaps have no spar; once they rip off, your now assymetric and going down…be cautions.

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47
Q

Best rate of climb Vy found at what Pitch attitude?

A

~ +7deg Nose-up
Liftoff usually below Vy and witih PA of 4 to 8deg or so

48
Q

How to figure out DA on my iphone…

A

E6B app= Altitude, Density Alt.
-Elevation
-Alt. Setting
-Temp in Deg C
-Dew point in Deg C

49
Q

With a Constant Speed Prop, for takeoff >8000’ DA what % should be added to TORA for each +1000’?

A

15%

You add +10% for each 1k below 8000’

50
Q

With CSP Reduce ROC by xx % for each +1000’ DA; once above 8000’ DA reduce by yy % for each added 1000’ of DA

A

xx: 6%
yy: 8%

51
Q

Takeoff distance varies with Square of what?

A

My Takeoff Weight

Note…30% more weight when squared gives 1.69 or 70% longer Tora!!
…Must also mega-adjust for any ‘obstacles’ at departure end of Runway…

[1500lbs empty to 2250lbs weight range; assume 1850lbs is 100%]
Empty aircraft 1500, +Dirk 210, +Fuel 140lbs or 22gal (1/3 tank)= 1850lbs
~Max Gross is 22% more weight @2250lbs= 50% longer Tora than Dirk solo 1/3 tank
~Min weight for takeoff ever would be 5% less weight than 1850lbs!

52
Q

True/False High Density altitudes on the day combined with Heavy weight corrections can Quadruple my Sea-level Solo takeoff distance?

A

True

53
Q

Does using same ‘ias’ for Vr and Vref compensate for high DA?

A

Yes, pitot tube is receiving same number of molecules!
And you’ll actually be at the required Higher TAS…

54
Q

A ten percent increase in TOW (200lbs) or 1-pax causes?

A

5% increase in T/O Speed
9% decrease in Acceleration
21% increase T/O Distance
*Offloading your pax has the opposite effects (good)

55
Q

Headwind will reduce normal takeoff distance using what ratio?

A

As a starting point probablhy 90% of Tora required because of headwind
Then ‘subtract’ the ratio of…

Headwind / Rotation speed

as a Percentage…for instance…
6kts head/50kts Vr = so Subtract 12% (hence, normal Tora distance * .88)
so, 700’ tora becomes 554’ in nice 6kts headwind

56
Q

Influence of winds…
Example 2kts head?
Example 20kts head?

A

90% Tora minus 2/60kts= 3.3% so 87% of Tora
90% Tora minus 20/60kts= 33% so 57% of Tora

57
Q

How much does 10kts headwind component reduce today’s Tora?

A

25% or so (wag)

58
Q

How much does a tailwind that is ten percent (6kts) of Vr thereby increase my Tora?

A

21% more Tora needed (much larger affect on Tora with tailwinds than headwinds)

59
Q

Formula for tailwind effect on Tora?

A

Tora * 110% + ratio Tailwind component/Vr in percentage

Example=
700 tora * 1.1= 770’ + 5tail/50 10% 1.1 (which is another 77’)= 850’

60
Q

Max Tailwind I would accept is 3kts…used in Tora formula

A

110% +
3/60= 5%
Tora becomes 115% of usual distance

61
Q

How much distance does a C-170 at 5000 DA and 10kts tailwind need to takeoff?

A

1900’ Tora assuming ‘no’ obstacles on departure
(i.e. a lot!)

62
Q

What modification to normal takeoff should be done in Gusty conditions?

A

Keep aircraft on ground until Vr + 1/2 Gust factor

63
Q

ROT to correct for various surfaces..
Firm Turf
Rough, Rocky, Short Grass

Long Grass (>4 inch)
Softfield & Sand
Mud or Snow

A

+7% Firm Turf
+10% Rough, Rocky, Grass

+25% Long Grass (>4 inch)
+25%-75% Softfield & Sand
+50% Mud or Snow
*Note wet grass would combined % of Softfield + Grass i.e. 35%

*Alternatively 50/70 rule works as well…

64
Q

One-percent downslope is equivalent to xx % more runway?

A

5%

3% downslope runway takes 15% less Tora

65
Q

Each 1% upslope will increase Tora by?

A

10%

But, 6% upslope increases Tora by 40%

66
Q

What is maximum slope You shoud normally consider using?

A

6 deg up or down slope

67
Q

Why consider Dew point in Performance Calculations?

A

Because more Humid air is ‘less’ Dense!

68
Q

True/False Older engines (more hours) won’t perform as well?

A

True

69
Q

Certain local terrain shapes cause downdrafts after takeoff…

A

These effects can exceed climb capabilities of my a/c
Pireps and Field guides give guidance on local conditions, mind-those…

70
Q

Whats the difference in drag reduction by flying at 2’ vs. 15’ after takeoff?

A

Up to 4x less drag flying at 2’ as that eliminates 60% of induced drag!
Probably gain equivalent of 4-5kts Performance!

71
Q

Common visual illusion that causes Vr error at high DA airports?

A

You feel like your going plenty fast enough (you are in Tas terms) but your NOT in IAS terms, trust airspeed indicator for proper Vr, don’t rotate early or pull it off the ground, wait until if flies off at usual Climb attitude for every other Takeoff…be patient…

72
Q

Always the most Induced drag when?

A

At Vr and above 35’ agl ground effect vanishes and your at your highest aoa and slowest ias, generating most lift you can

73
Q

True/False it is a good idea to learn to fly at 2’ in calm air and 3’ otherwise..

A

True, to Maximize Ground Effect after takeoff until Vy, every foot counts, but don’t ‘Skip’ off the surface either!
Accel to Vx and retract flaps in ground effect if obstacles are very nearby, then leave Ground effect in Clean Config after achieving Vx to clear obstacles (50’ trees)

74
Q

Never set a Pitch attitude >7deg Nose-up while still on the Takeoff roll…

A

This ensure you’ll having flying speed once airborne.
Set the attitude and let it fly off when it wants…don’t pre-empt the process (or help it along by pulling back more)

75
Q

What happens if you wait for liftoff with only a 3deg Nose up PA?

A

Longer Tora but take off closer to Vy and not need ground effect and be safer in Turbulence or Gusts
Better to Set a 0 deg Aoa until Vr +Gust factor instead of just setting 3 deg PA..

76
Q

What should you do when you line-up for takeoff?

A

Look for a prominent landmark ‘beyond’ the end of the Runway, for directional control with tail-down…

77
Q

When should you smoothly lift the tail on takeoff?

A

Once you have proper Elevator Authority resulting from aerodynamic forces.
Sop takeoff would be Tail low (assuming no Gusts); it’s off the ground though!

78
Q

True/False Can consider snatching 1 notch flap once tail is up while looking straight forward?

A

True if got the spare ‘RAM’ todo so and not lose directional control

79
Q

Why must you avoid a 2nd touchdown after your airborne in Ground effect?

A

Damage aircraft with Sideloads!
Structure is not designed to make much side-loading at all.

80
Q

True/False, you always re-trim as you exceed Vx and transition to Vy climb

A

True

81
Q

True/False viewed from cockpit the propeller rotates Counter-clockwise?

A

False
It rotates Clockwise

82
Q

Two advantages to Snatching out 1-notch of flap after Tail is up?

A
  1. Less drag during initial accelleration
  2. Less chance of damaging flaps with Flying debris from my Propwash
83
Q

Is it easier to only set 1 notch, or set just the 2nd notch on takeoff roll (having preset notch 1)?

A

Depends on my cockpit and hand Ergonomics

84
Q

Anytime there are obstacles beyond end of runway (i.e Trees) what is the maximum flap setting for takeoff?

A

1 Notch; as a 2nd notch will get you airborne sooner but will decrease your ROC afterwards

85
Q

What is difference in Tora with 1 notch vs. 2 nothes of Flap?

A

…150’ shorter with Flap-2

86
Q

Should I lock brakes as I put full power for a Short-field Takeoff?

A

NO, it will tip-over…prop strike

87
Q

What can result from using full power while stationary?

A

Prop will pickup rocks and/or debris that will damage the Prop.

88
Q

Whats the ROT for Vapp adjustements vs. Weight reduction?

A

% we Reduce Vref is 1/2 of % of weight reduction
i.e. 10% less is 5% lower Vref
<200lbs is 2.5kts slower
Total Vref range is 1600-2250 (35% weight change) or 17% speed change which is 8.5kts
So slowest Vref to fastest Vref at Mtow is a range of 10kts
(F3 stall is 10kts more than min weight stall)

89
Q

How to correct for a small Balloon during flare?

A

Add some power, a small amount.

90
Q

In Mountaneous terrain, when natural horizon is not visible, what’s the baseline for Level flight?

A

Assume horizon is at the Base of the Mountains that are 7 miles ahead.

91
Q

What is Pitch Attitude for best ‘rate’ of Climb?

A

Horizon just below Cowling, intersects side of cowling below the nose. Practice Transition visually between Level flight and Climb attitudes, should end up within 1 kt of Vx or Vy after takeoff.

92
Q

What attitude change occurs in the flare?

A

From my spot aimpoint to ruffly my climb pitch attitude!
…slowly…to not balloon

93
Q

What procedure could be used in extremis for strong crosswinds?

A

Divert
Land on Taxiway
Land Flaps up, but Flaps 2 is a good compromise

94
Q

Which landing provides a shorter landing when proficient?

A

Tail Low, because more WOW for braking…

95
Q

What happens when a figure skater extends arms while spinning?

A

She slows down the spin, as that reduce the moment of her inertia! But we cannot ever do that…

96
Q

What do you need to reduce the swerve in extremis above >25kts?

A

Add Power to get sufficient speed to raise the tail and get weight ‘back’ on the wheels!
So, if your too slow and swerved beyond a certain angle…it’s not recoverable!

97
Q

Flight Planning rule for each 1000’ of cruise altitude?

A

Add 1 min to enroute time (due to climb)

98
Q

Celcius to Farenheit?

A

Double it & add 30

99
Q

Effect of higher than usual humidity on Tora?

A

Add 10%

100
Q

A two-percent change in weight causes a X % change in Stall speed?

A

1%

101
Q

10% increase in Mtow causes?

A

5% more speed need to liftoff
10% slower accelleration rate
20% more Tora

50/70 is still valid…

102
Q

True of False? Takeoff Distance varies with the square of the weight change?

A

True
20% more weight is 44% more Tora
1.2 * 1.2= 1.44
30% more weight is 70% more Tora
[So my worst Tora can be double my best Tora at same DA & Slope]

103
Q

1600 pounds vs. 2400 pounds affect on Tora?

A

50% more weight
1.5 * 1.5= 2.25 * normal Tora
Over twice as much Tora needed
My hard limit is 2300lbs!

104
Q

If your 20% lighter then how much less Vapp you can expect?

A

10% lower Vapp
Vapp reduced by half of % decrease in overall weight.

105
Q

Will you be able to make a high speed descent if winds change by six knots per 1000’ ?

A

No

106
Q

Sea level Tora at Mtow

A

About 1000’

107
Q

Sea level Mtow Tora over 50’ Obstacle

A

2000’ !

108
Q

Sea level ROC and Ias

A

800’fpm, 80kts

109
Q

Tailwind increase Tora ROT?

A

110% times normal distance
Plus % of ratio: tailwind speed/rotation speed

110
Q

Upslope Takeoff ROT?

A

1 or 2 deg up, add 10% per deg to Tora for current DA.

111
Q

Downslope Takeoff ROT?

A

Decrease Tora by 5% per deg slope down

112
Q

How long should you fly in Ground effect?

A

Until >Vx and clean

113
Q

Should know what OPT parameters for BH?

A

Tora, Land distance, ROC and Sea level and every 2000’ increment until 10000’ms

114
Q

For a Constant speed prop, above 8000’ DA what correction apply to Tora for each additional 1000’

A

15% for each 1000’ above 8k

115
Q

Reduce Sea-level ROC by X amount per 1000’ altitude gain when below 8000’

A

6%
8% when above 8500’msl

116
Q

Should know my aircraft ROC at 2400lbs and 1800lbs

A

Log it at various MSL alt 2-4-6-8-10k
Helps me plan my escape from a Downdraft!

Bearhawk Patrol (13 decks)

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