Mountain Flying Flashcards
Survive
What is Box Canyon turn?
Gain altitude with any speed above VY
Full power
50 deg aob
Flap1
Drop Nose
Don’t pull more than 2G
What is mathmatical equation relating Load Factor and Stall speed?
Stall ias increase with square root of the load factor i.e. 2 g is 41% more Vs
What are the only two ways to decrease diameter of my turn?
Lower my Tas
Increase my AOB with G
*do a bit of both!
First two notches of Flap give…
More lift than drag
When in the Mountains, how to estimate where the actual horizon is?
Assume it is at the Base of the Mountains about 7 miles ahead.
Need to visualize it (imaginary)
What is a common error when flying Uphill in the Mountains?
ias decay…
Can only consider Box canyon turn if?
Ias above Vy
You should never be under 85kts
Where should you rollout of a Box Canyon turn?
180deg back, nose low, Vy and as you accellerate retract flaps in stages…
At what height (agl) should you practice Canyon Box Turns?
Above 2500’ agl
What is the best practice when approaching a Canyon that slopes steeply upwards?
Gain altitude ‘before’ entering it!
In a wide canyon, you should fly on the _____ side?
Updraft side
if narrow be on downwind side!
What is the safest way to approach a high ridge?
45 deg angle and 2000’ above its height…
When approaching a mountain ridge ontop of a cushion of air (tailwind) will this help?
Usually does, riding upward air.
What are two consequences of winds >20kts at Peak height?
Downdrafts and Turbulence
When are Lee (downwind) side Downdrafts and Turbulence more pronounced (assuming same 20kts wind)?
If the airmass is unstable! usually with Convective clouds present…
Sharper Cliffs
When downwind of a ridge, that you would like to cross, never do so at what angle?
90 deg (perpendicular)
What precaution should you take for approaching a ridge from Downwind side?
Climb 2000’ above it, prior to attempting a crossing.
When I think air is stable, what angle should I approach a Ridge?
Always 45 deg ground track, as mother nature gives you surprises.
Why do you approach ridges at 45 deg angles?
This allows a safer retreat in Severe Turbulence or downdrafts.
Level Turn at 75deg aob will double stall speed because flown at __ G
4g, sqrt of 4 is ‘2’
Prevailings winds are nice, but still deal with Today winds…
Where is the nearest High Pressure system located? Is it strong, how is it moving?
At what distance from ridge should you shift from 90deg to a 45 deg angle?
2000’
1/2 to 1/4 mile away
What i.a. should you adopt if you encounter a dowdraft prior to ridge crossing?
Abort, Turn around and gain altitude a lot!
What i.a. should you adopt if you encounter a dowdraft after crossing the ridge ?
Accellerate (lower nose) from Vy to normal cruise speed, go max power…you will exit the area lower but faster that way…not intuitive!
I must know my expected (zero wind) Rate of Climb based on my weight and current Density altitude.
Tells me if down/up drafts.
At 8000’ density I should be able to manage 400 ROC at Mtow
Maybe…
What is best procedure for crossing multiple ridges?
Go 45 deg left, then right, then left…zig-zag
What is the ‘Two Spots’ method for ridge crossing?
A wag to determine if I will clear the next ridge…pick a far spot, then a close spot (both beyond ridge) then determine if they are getting farther apart = Good!
What is pitfall of two spots method?
Tunnel vision…not noticing a decay in my ias…it takes a lot of crosscheck time…
What does ‘dissappearing’ terrain on the far-side of a ridge tell you?
Turn around, abort, your not going to clear the ridge. RTB and gain some more altitude first…
When there is moisture, any forced ‘rised’ air will form clouds 90deg (i.e. perpendicular) to direction of wind flow…
North /South cloud line found East of a Ridge means winds from the West!
Warm moist air, forced to ascend (via orographic lift) due to winds…allows temp to drop to equal Dew point giving clouds…
Occurs perpendicular to wind path (direction).
What can watching cloud shadows tell you?
Wind direction at the cloud level
When are you certain you can safely cross a ridge?
If I know that ‘if’ I hypothetically put throttle to idle, I would still clear it!
If I could not cross the ridge at idle power…what should I do?
Turn away and gain altitude first.
Should I use the same safe Ridge crossing criteria from Upwind and downwind sides?
Yes
What extra precaution should you take for crossing multiple Ridges?
Be 2000’ above the 1st Ridge
If CB has a line of rotors…
Turn around, cannot go anywhere near those…
Why is it good to fly at Va during Moderate Turbulence?
Because the aircraft will stall prior to exceeding its design structural limit.
What is a good wag of Va?
1.8 x Vs
What is the ‘Ultimate’ load factor?
1.5 times the quotes structural load factor
Normal Category is +3.8g
Ultimate load becomes 5.7g which will crack wings off!
How do you find optimum flap setting for Lift?
Set flaps to be flush with Aileron at full deflection.
Flap Parrallel to Aileron Full down Deflection
What could you do differently when you takeoff without any excess power at high Density altitude?
Only set flaps when at VR
Retract flaps in Ground Effect
Must be proficient!
Spot landing attitude:
Aimpoint between…
Level Flight
3-Point attitude
What is best way to teach Spot landings?
Grease marker
When should you flare?
15’ and never balloon
What is the illusion with rain on windscreen?
We think we are higher than we actually are
Spot landing optimum angle without obstacles/with obs?
3 deg
4.5deg
What ROD expect on 3deg angle?
GS in kts x5
What ROD expect on 4.5deg slope?
GS in kts x8
400+ fpm
Stabilized app less than 500fpm unless still at Mtow and doing 4.5deg slope.
Aimpoint consids
Make 100’ short
Land 160’ beyond it!
Bottom of dash, don’t let it move!
Spot landing grease mark where?
1/2 inch below level flt attitude
Where is mandatory Go-around point?
Point after which I can no longer come safely to a Stop!
Depends on Lda…my g/s, surface, slope
Constant Power & PA =
Constant performance + trim
The very end of a Mountain strip may have a downdraft
Don’t land there.
Lee side of montain top
Trimmed, when add power nose goes?
up
When mountain ridge is below my grease pen ‘Spot Landing’ point, then?
We are higher than the Ridge
Windscreen is a concave arc, we can force land?
Anywhere inside the (imaginary) extended arc of the windscreen.
Minimum airport info I need?
Elevation, Length, Winds, 1-way? Services? Aloud to camp?
At what GA altitude should takeoff be flown with mixture lean?
Anytime above 4000’ D.A.
Normal Recce off-field is how many passes?
Four or Five (20min gaz)
1. Circle for best app/dep trk, winds dir?
2. Length via timer & g/s, Rwy Surface
3. Dumbell, fly lower, diff light obstacles
4. Drag Wheels to see if too soft…
5. Landing (i.e. always the Option)
What side should traffic pattern be flown off-field?
The Side ‘away’ from Terrain
What i.a. should be taken in the event of downdraft after takeoff?
Lower the nose and maintain ias
consider slow flap retraction if no obstacle
What are the steps for figuring out D.A.?
Get psi alt via 29.92 on my altimeter then do Temp correction
What is isa atmosphere in Celsius/Farenheit?
15deg C
59deg F
What happens to my Tora at 5000’ D.A.?
Tora Doubles
What is the Altitude the a/c thinks it’s at called?
D.A.
Each 10 deg F higher than isa 59deg F will increase DA Field Elevation by?
600’
What is ISA lapse rate in Deg F?
-3.5deg F per 1000’
-2deg C
Formula to determine ISA temp at this field?
Field elevation in ‘1000’s’ X 3.5= Y
Then 59-Y= new isa deg F
Safer to fly what approach speed in the mountains?
1.3 Vs to cater for Turbulence, Gusts, W/S, Flare
What is Max AOB in regular Mountain flying?
30deg
In Gusty conditions fly Vapp of?
1.25 Vs +1/2 Gust Factor
Should you vary Ias flown at different Altitudes?
No
What occurs if your Vapp is too slow at 15’agl?
Not enough elevator authority to Flare
What is math relationship between ias and landing distance?
Lda increases with Square of speed increase
If flying at 60 instead of 50kts, what affect on Lda?
20% faster, squared
So Lda is 44% longer!
Should you accept three knots fast on app?
No, +- 1kt
Attitude flying
Maximum safe Glidepath to landing?
4.5deg, usually only over obstacles.
When should you always milk flap-up in Ground effect?
Only when clear of obstacles ahead
Will 2 notches of flap get you airborne earlier?
Probably, but will limit your ROC ability.
What considerations are there for Landing on very Short field?
It will likely be too short to safely takeoff from
Be on speed, don’t land long.
Whats the main point of 30/70 & 50/70
Tora / Vr
To have sufficient room to safely abort on the Runway when you would not have gotten safely airborne!
Does 50/70 rule guarantee sufficient ROC?
Noo
How do you mark the 1/2 way point of my Tora?
Pacing it and Flags
(Surveyor Tape)
Laser range Finder
What Parameters should be considered & recorded on takeoff?
Date, Ac weight,
Elevation, Temp
Wind, Slope
Surface condition
Tora
Obstacles yes/no
When flying in Mountains always remain in a position?
That you can fly towards lower terrain
What is the PNR when flying uphill?
The point where an idle power 180deg turn would NOT hit the ground!
In what regards are taildraggers always more restrictive?
Much lower crosswind limits
Fly the darn thing until it is Tied down…why?
Ground loops
Even the safest plane in the world…
Can kill you!
What is the thing we call luck?
Professionalism and attention to detail
Patience
Willingness to turn around, stay safe to fly another day.
True/False the actual flight path will always be lower than the aircraft attitude?
True
How to lift a wing at slow speed or close to the ground?
Opposite Rudder
But never touch with Crab
What is order that controls lose effectiveness?
A E R
Aileron
Elevator
Rudder
When your all jacked up at high aoa, then lift vector is pointed 90deg to wing…so what do we name the rearward component of this Lift vector?
Induced Drag
Greater the Aoa, the more the induced drag
What turns the aircraft?
The Horizontal component of the lift vector (Centripetal force)
What is the name of the force that pushes you out of a Turn?
Centrifugal, in horizontal plane acts outwards, away from the center of rotation.
What is hallmark of a ‘quality’ turn?
Centrifugal = Centripetal
i.e. Ball is centered!
30 degrees aob, looking outside!
Cockpit references 15, 30, 50aob
True/False? The aircraft is always flying ‘towards’ the Ball.
True
Which way does the Propeller swing when viewed from the Cockpit?
Clockwise
Aircraft is setup (offset engine or offset Vertical Stab) to fly straight with Torque at Cruise Power settings but not?
In the climb!
What control input will be required in Power-off descents?
A bit of Left Rudder, because there is no Torque
Right-side descending Prop blade has a larger or small bite (aoa?)
Larger, called P-Factor, pulls left at high-nose attitudes, eliminated in level flight,
When is Gyroscope precession most noticeable?
When you raise the tail abruptly…also a left-turn force…
Faster you raise the tail the more there is!
The Slipstream created by the propeller is more noticeable on the Left/Right wing?
Left
Aft moving Corkscrew of air, elongated at hight speed
At certain speed the Propeller slipstream will contact the Vertical stab on what side only?
Left side, creating a left turning moment
Where would the ball be if you flew hands off in a climb?
on the Right side (step on the ball)
What wing will stall first with the ball full right?
Left wing,
Spin rotation will always be opposite to the ball location
Centrifugal forces increase with?
Square of the ratio of my actual ias vs. more desirable ias. So any swerve will be much worst at higher speeds…
30 kts ground speed vs. 15kts groundspeed will change any centrifugal force by?
4 times, easily exceeding rudders and brakes capability to conteract it.
Can Try a blast of FULL power
What does a blast of Full power do when I am trying to keep it straight on the ground?
Pulls aircraft along the thrust line and provides air blast on Rudder to make it more effective (last ditch)
Dress properly for your pre-flight, so its done properly
Sound advice
Be ready for rain or cold
Most overlooked item on walkaround?
Tire Pressure
Besides going inadvertent IMC what is the next most dangerous ‘silent’ wx phenomenon?
Mountain Waves
Lenticular Clouds
(Standing wave or Lee wave)
What three conditions make a Standing wave?
Perpendicular flow (max 30 deg offset)
Stable air or inversion
Increasing windspeed
When looking at three springs, how does this represent Mountain wave?
Two weak springs at each extremity with a very large strong spring caught in middle!
A heavy spring sandwiched between two weaker springs…this forces oscillation to propogate downwind.
What size wave lengths are associated between peaks?
2 to 25nm from Peak to Peak
or Trough to Trough (low point)
Rotors below
Average size is 8nm wave
What common wave is associated with Appalachians?
10nm wave length, upto 110nm downwind of Mountain Range
Is flight smooth in the vicinity of lenticular clouds?
Can be, but very large up & downdrafts!
But, destructive Rotor clouds are found below…closer to the ground!
Mountain wave…?
Most dangerous in the invisible rotor clouds below lenses!
Little puffy clouds under the Lenses…a bit like a Cumulus, stay well clear.
Could also be clear air Mountain wave activity in dry air…respect any bumps, it will only get worse
Can Mountain wave exist (and rotors) with no clouds present?
Yes, in dry air
Need to visualize the rotor
20kts parallel to range in stable air
With my OAT gauge below vsi, I could notice if temp is rising with altitude (i.e. an inversion)…more likely to have what?
Mountain wave if winds are perpendicular to the Peaks.
What are the possible kinetic affect of Mountain wave?
Can force you down into the ground or break apart your aircraft mid-flight…
Where is the rotor area?
Between the areas of updraft and downdraft…must avoid!
Just turn around…it will only get worse.
Mountain wave safe practices?
Fly an Altitude 50% above delta Terrain height (i.e. like high)
Approach at 45 deg angle
Avoid Ragged Lenticulars
Climb in Lift, Dive in Sink
Avoid the rotor
Visualize the Wavelength, avg 8nm
What does: fly 50% above terrain mean?
If all surrounding terrain at 8000’ then Hills to 11000’ then fly at 12500’ (half of the 3000’ delta elevation)
Avoid Lenticular clouds with?
Ragged edges Irregular shapes
If you stare at rotor clouds, sometimes you can detect the Rotation?
True
If your flight path is parrallel to a mountain range you can source the Updraft?
You could if clever and figure out wavelength between up/down, change offset 4 miles at a time.
What are the 3 main differences associated with Mountain flying?
Thinner air, much worse climb Perf
Up/down Drafts
Close Proximity to Terrain
What is a common procedure to cater for abrupt elevation changes in mountainous areas?
Shuttle climbs/descents
Need 6000’ oval todo so
What do you always keep in your back-pocket?
An escape route
What becomes a no-fly day in Mountains?
-Anytime wind at Peaks exceeds 25kts
-Anything over 20kts is a concern…
-In Mountain passes it will be double or more with the Venturi effect!
What is a consideration while route planning?
Flying over suitable landing areas
vs.
Saving fuel+time with shortest track
Often extra 20 min is well worth it…
Don’t leave the aircraft following a forced landing…True of False?
True
What is the minimum ceiling above wx reporting point (i.e. airfield) for a safe dispatch in Mountaineous regions?
3000’agl, as any lower ceiling likely means the Peaks are in cloud!
Does wind direction always follow Cloud ground shadows?
Not in the mountains!
Maximum local wind to approach a cliff, wall or rough terrain?
Only15ks
Anything more will have dangerous turbulence near jagged edges
Visualize wind as?
Water flowing in a river
Play in rivers to learn and experiment!
True or False, don’t slowdown in a downdraft?
True
How much Tora required with 1/8” of frost?
50% longer Tora, or more….
Use 70/30 ROT even if no obstacle.
Moreover, increase V1 to 55kts due to increased stall speed.
Best to fly in the middle of a canyon…true of false?
False!
Should I simply use same takeoff, Vref, landing ias while in the Mountains?
Yes
Where is the Horizon?
Is this a visual illusion? Outside reference can fool you into a gentle climb or bank
Horizon is at base of Mountains 6-8 miles ahead.
What is always part of your route study?
Location of ‘lower’ terrain!
Which downdrafts can extend to the ground…
Microburst
Found above Tall stand of trees
Found near a cliff
Closest you can get to a mountain ridge flying at 90deg to it?
1/4 mile (1300’)
Allows a more expiditious escape from a sudden downdraft or severe Turbulence.
Usually you start to offset ridge when 1/2 mile away
What results from morning valley breeze?
4kts tailwind when landing upstream!
Late in day the ‘Mountain breeze’ is cool air descending, so that can cause 10kt tailwind for your downstream takeoff!!
1 Premise of Mountain flying?
Always remain in a position where you can turn towards lowering terrain…
Never fly in a canyon that?
Doesn’t leave you enough room to Turnaround
Less than 4500’ wide?
Novice advice for Mountain flying?
Clear all Ridges by 2000’
While flying uphill, what is the point of no return?
Point a which you can put throttle to idle and turn 180deg back but and safely clear all Terrain…
As you approach a ridge, if you can see more and more Terr on the other side, what does that mean?
You are higher than the Ridge, continue…
When can you ‘commit’ to crossing a Ridge?
When in a position that if I put the power to ‘idle’ then I would still glide to the Top of the ridge with ease!
[This caters for unseen downdrafts, in which you would power up and lower nose to maintain ias and get through!]
What ROD can I assume at Vg?
~850fpm (?)
I cover120 ft-per sec x60
[as this is always flown at 70kts my descent rate per unit of time is cte]
then
Divided by std glide ratio ~8.5:1
Flying at same ias and pitch attitude!
but…
Wild variation on slope based on GS
Coming in 5kts (i.e. 10% fast) hot adds how much to my LDA?
20%
How much buffer prior to Sunset should plan landing in Mountains?
60min!
Valleys get darker much earlier…
25% increase in Mtow causes?
25% Slower Accelleration
15% Higher Vr
60% Longer Tora
70/50 ROT covers you
When you picture wind as a river consider?
Updrafts
Downdrafts
& Splashes (i.e. Turbulence)
Fastest 180 deg turn?
Pull up to slow 85kts
Roll on Dynon ai to 50 deg aob
(as real horizon is gone in a canyon)
Set full power (enrich mixture a bit)
Allow nose to fall a bit and pull <2g
After 90 deg turn (6 secs) lookout
Complete visually as required trading altitude for turn rate…
What descent planning consideration in Mountains?
Both Idle or Cruise descent both unworkable due to thermal shock and/or terrain
Fly Orbits down with power on at 15”, overall, this takes longer time to get down, but with a warm engine.
Plan extra flight time&fuel!
What is BH service ceiling based on?
Gross weight
Density Altitude
Full power @70kts but less than 50fpm climb
How much time and distance will it take to climb 10,000’?
~20min
20miles +- G/S head vs. tail
What is minimum weather for continued flight in Mountains (i.e. once airborne) ?
2500’ ceiling and 5nm Vis
Or Land!
My BH lines in the sand…
Mtow
Ceiling
Vis
Rwy Length
Crosswinds=
Cannot keep setting radalt lower…no compromise
2400lbs
2nm vis
800’ tora&lda at Sea Level
7kts (12kts later on)
5kts on Pavement
If you have time to spare, then travel by Air
Wise GA adage!
Fly to your experience level
Always remain in a position where you can turn to lowering Terrain…
-Wide enough Canyons
-Enough Margin to clear a Ridgeline, and always approach Ridge at 45 deg!
Never pass PNR in upslope Terrain…
-The Point where an idle power 180deg turn would be unsuccesfull (i.e. impact Terrain)
-Solution when approaching PNR is just to turn towards lower terrain and gain some altitude prior to trying again.
When past PNR what is occuring?
Terrain is outclimbing the aircraft, no more escape route!
Constantly ask myself? Can I lose altitude to turn my aircraft?
Answer must be yes, that is your ‘stay alive’ buffer!
What added consideration when Takeoff in the Mountains?
Where is the lowest terrain on my departure path?
What can occur when sneaking under overcast of a mountain pass?
Seconds away from strong downdrafts or Severe Turbulence, but you cannot turn back, your committed…Sparky died on a Mountain pass!
Temp/Dew spread is a concern when?
<2deg C or 4deg F
Divert or don’t fly in Mountains, there will be Fog!
Monitor Temp/Dew Trend!
What must be done if refuel from a Fuel drum?
Chamois the gaz
Ideal cruise for Range?
[+2% Tas per 1k higher]
[-3Hp per 1k feet]
-Highest altitude where Engine still produces 65% Hp is around 10,000’
-Tgt 55% power in good Tailwinds!
My 0-360 Engine can only get 180 cubic inches of air per cycle…why is this important?
[Optimum power mixture 1 pound fuel for 15 pounds of air]
Volume of air cannot be changed at full power, but the weight in pounds (density) of that air decreases, so you need to reduce amount of fuel your adding to regain optimum mix!
(…at reduced Hp/power output!)
What is highest altitude my engine can produce 75% HP?
6000’ Density Alt at Full Throttle on my engine…
This assumes my 165hp vs. 180hp usually get with 8.5 compression vs. my 7.0 compression.
What is minimum flight duration for it to be worth climbing to 10,000’?
2 hours
40min up,
20min cruise
60min descent
Would be a 300fpm cruise climb rate to keep engine cool enough, and slow 150 fpm descent, to keep it warm at 17” or so.
Any ias from 80kts going upto 100kts increases rod for a set MP.
Do not climb more than 10min for each hour of flight time, True or False?
True
5000’ max for a 1hour flight, (assumes average roc of 500fpm)
When is water contamination due to condensation more likely?
When park outside overnight without topping the tanks full of fuel, i.e. when camping!
Proper Fuel sampling procedure?
Put aircraft level, wait 10min then…
at each Quick Drain sample it 5 seperate times; by contrast, a continous draw swirl can keep water away, so poke it 5 times….
If forced to burn off a single wingtank at a time, what is your consideration?
Leave +20min fuel in tank your switching away from, in case other side doesn’t feed!
(always get some syphoning side to other side)
What consideration is there when flying at -20deg C?
Add anti-icing fluid to your fuel
Never do a cold start unless in a life or death situation, puts 500hrs wear on engine in 2 minutes.
True or False?
You should not use bottom 3” of a fuel drum?
True,
it will likely have rust, water or other contaminants.
When refuel in cold weather, what precautions should be taken for a/c remaining overnight?
Drain the sumps 10min after refuelling and again in the morning.
How to avoid Jet-fuel?
-Smells like Kerosene
-Colorless /Straw coloured
(lighter than Mogas)
-Doesn’t evaporate as fast
-Read the Labels
-Don’t use bathroom or phone during start of refuelling…monitor!
100 vs 100LL?
Smells like Gasoline
-Green Color 100
-Blue Color 100LL
both ok
Diesel fuel, looks like?
-Clear to Light Amber, Green tint
-More Viscous
-10% Heavier per Litre
-Has a more pungent, earthy smell that is often described as being similar to rubber or asphalt.
-Read the Labels
Mogas?
…Red tint
…Brown tint, Light Amber
…Light yellow hue
-Gasoline, has a more sweet, aromatic smell that is often described as being similar to flowers or fruit.
-Thinner liquid with Faster cleaner evaporation…
Red Dye Diesel?
For farm equipment, Bulldozers, Trucks, Buses
Does exist in Quebec, but not at regular gas stations
What are Four precautions while refuelling?
Outdoors (no Smoking)
Static Ground connected
Fire Extinguisher present
Filter the fuel!
What clothing should be avoided when refuelling?
Avoid…
Nylon (i.e. Goretex), put apron on!
Synthetic polymers
Polyamide fibers
[individual molecules are linked together to form long chains (this process gives synthetic fabric its characteristic strength and durability)]
What is correct sequence for putting a fuel additive?
Add it before you refuel!
What does it mean if Drain Sumps are not working (they won’t drain) in Cold temps?
Beware, Frozen water
Need to thaw entire a/c in a hangar!
At what altitude does same volume of air have 1/2 the density or 1/2 the weight as it would at Sea Level?
18000’
At 3500’ DA already lost 10% weight!
Stoichiometric = chemically correct
vs.
Best Power
14.5 to 1 runs too Hot in lycoming
vs.
12.5 to 1 is best for aircraft >75% thr
At what Density altitude can you realistically start leaning?
3000’ Da
and
When operating at less than 75% HP
What does Carb do?
Converts liquid fuel into vapor fuel via suction in a venturi tube
Double the temperature of the air, then what happens to how much water vapour it can hold?
That also doubles!
Condensation of water vapour occurs at the Dew Point
What’s a concerning by-product of the vaporization that takes place in the Carb?
Cooling by expansion!
(Where exactly is my probe?)
What oat’s fall outside the high-risk carb ice formation zone?
Colder than 4 deg C
Warmer than 22 deg C
Will get Carb ice when OAT in range?
9 to 16 deg C
With RH >60%
What else can Carb Heat do for me?
Provides an Alternate air source for the engine if the air filter was Ice covered!
Can you use partial Carb Heat?
Never, for actual carb ice
Never in decent or PFL trg
Can use partial in some strict circumstances, as I have a carb heat temperature probe…adjust your achieve Carb temperature 40deg f, doing so in a preventative way. With a temp gauge, you have more precise control and can apply just enough heat to stay out of the danger zone without excessive power loss.
In what flight regime does carb ice usually form?
Power settings below 55% HP
(i.e. below cruise settings)
Is Carb heat a de-ice or anti-ice?
Both
Anti-ice, needs to be on early
Anytime running below cruise power it’s a good idea!
What sequence to apply carb heat?
-Carb Heat on 1st, at least 20sec prior to power reduction!
-If thinking I will have carb heat on for ab extended period of time, then re-lean mixture a bit, as added warm air is less dense, hence enriching fuel/air ratio.
What can occur after an engine fails with Carb ice?
A minute or two later, conductive heat from engine can warm Carb enough to dislodge the ice…
What occurs if Mags are turned off a few secs and then back on?
Fuel buildup in Cylinder, and when put back on =backfire, can be enough to Blow OFF your Cylinder head.
What additional weather information is needed when flying in High Terrain?
Winds aloft!
Interpolate exact winds at Peaks
Some possible advantages of higher level Cruise?
Higher Tas
Less Turbulence
~Better wind direction or strenght or both increasing my Groundspeed
What are consideration for Route selection?
More wide valleys,
Less ridge crossings
Avoid straight line
Follow a road
When should you have oxygen available?
~Anytime above 10,000’ at night
-Canadian Pilots must use if above 10,000’-13,000’ >30min
…USA…
-Above 12,500 feet up to 14,000 feet MSL: Crew must use oxygen if they remain at this altitude for more than 30 minutes.
-Above 14,000 feet MSL: The crew must use oxygen at all times.
-But only give pax oxygen >15k msl
What is the smartest time to fly?
40min before Sunrise, <10am
or
Late afternoon to avoid noon winds/bumps, >5pm
Latest landing 20min after sunset…
At 13000’ cabin, all occupants must have?
Supplemental Oxygen (Canada)
Death can occur at 17,000’
14.7psi at Sea Level
Pounds per square inch pressure
Vs.
29.92 inches of measured Mercury
760mm (i.e. simply Metric) Mercury
It’s the partial pressure of the oxygen in my Alveoli that determines how much oxygen reaches my brain!
-% oxygen is not helping, only pressure does, so going-up dangerously reduces pressure!
-Use apple watch % blood oxygen= 95% on ground.
-Less than 90% is a worry!
-At 85% go down or get on Supplementary Oxygen.
Your Apple Watch gives a useful but limited indication of oxygen delivery. It does not directly measure the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂), which is what truly determines oxygen diffusion into your lungs and tissues.
Which is my physiological Altitude: Altimeter or DA?
Current Density Altitude is relevant to my body!
Apple watch Oxygen % measurement (Pulse Oximeter)
-15 sec, face up,
-Not moving my arm!
-Not on my wrist, put up my arm 2”
[Measure of how much oxygen your red blood cells are carrying]
Can Pulse Oximeter determine CO poisoning?
NO
Separate device we carry and use
What does alcohol cause?
Pilot to become Hypoxic at lower Cabin Altitudes than usual, as it interferes with tissue’s ability to metabolize the delivered Oxygen!
